Discovering Professional Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Discovering Professional Resources - Essay Example The current paper makes use of three different journal publications and uses the articles within them to study the perceptions and conclusions of various researchers on the specific issues pertaining to school administration. This will include the management of time and stress and the various methods of dealing with conflicts and the challenges of working in teams. In addition to discussing the points provided in the chosen journals with respect to each of these topics, the paper will also focus on ways to implement them in practice and express opinions on their positive and negative traits. The latest issue of the Education Administration Quarterly published in August 2009 contains publications discuss issues such as the need to foster leadership within school administration and the need to address the issues of conflict in Schools. The articles are mostly based on maing inferences through numerical and statistical interpretation and the journal is associated with the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA. The information is available as a paper publication in addition to being accessible in online research portals. Given the broad range of issues that the journal discussed in the bvarious issues pertaining to School administration, this is a resource which I would refer to frequently. as the name suggests, Education week is a weekly journal publication that adopts the approach more of a magazine. The latest edition pertains to the preceding week that ended August 15th, 2009. Education week can be considered as a semi-scholarly resource as it contains a whole lot of other content in addition to containing academic discussions on School Administration. Further, the magazine discusses a wide variety of other issues pertaining to Education in general. the magazine is available online through a web portal that can be reached at www.edweek.org. given its generalized

Related Local Literature Essay Example for Free

Related Local Literature Essay This study deals with the review and analysis of the literature and studies relevant to inventory management techniques that the researchers will be using in the optimization. It consists of information culled from studies and literature, both local and foreign, from which this study is subject to. This chapter will certainly help in giving the reader a better understanding of what is Economic Order Quantity model and Dynamic Programming to optimization of the inventory system. Definition: Inventory Inventory refers to any kind of resources having economic value and is maintained to fulfil the present and future needs of theconsumers. It is a physical stock of items that business or production enterprise keeps in hand for efficient running of affairs or its production. Inventory is the quantity of goods, raw materials or other resources that are idle at any given point of time. Inventory control is the means by which materials of the correct quantity and quality is made available as a when required with due regard to economy in storage and ordering costs and working capital. It is also defined as the systematic location, storage and recording of goods in such a way that desired degree of service can be made to the operating shops at a minimum ultimate cost† (S.C sharma (1999). P. 509, 512). Inventory model: Economic Order Quantityand Dynamic Programming For over a century, the literature encompassing hundreds of books and journals has included frequent writings of management scientists applying quantitative methods to help inventory managers make two critical decisions: how much inventory to order, and when to order it. Inventory management started as early as the beginning of the 20th century when F. W. Harris originally developed the lot size formula or the EOQ model in 1915. R. H. Wilson independently developed the same formula in 1918. Apparently, Wilson popularized the model so the EOQ model is also referred to as the Wilson EOQ model. The EOQ formula has been independently discovered many times in the last eighty years. It is simplistic and uses several unrealistic assumptions. In Cargal discussed the basic EOQ model; he said that they cannot determine what quantity of an item to order when ordering supplies. Despite the many more sophisticated formulas and algorithm available, some large corporations still use the EOQ formula. In general, large corporations that use the EOQ formula do not want the public or competitors to know they use something so unsophisticated. The variables, graph, and the formula was also discussed in this paper. The classic EOQ model has been directly used in practice but which, more importantly, represents the key foundation of decision rules dealing with more complicated circumstances.Different variations and applications of the EOQ model in production and inventory operations were expanded over the years such as dealing with the quantity discounts, shelf-life considerations, replenishment lead time and constraints on the replenishment. Further advancements in inventory management took place when dynamic programming was used, with R. Bellman as its founding father. However, earlier works in DP were produced by Arrow, Karlin and Scarf. Bellman, who popularized DP, used the stochastic models for the inventory management problems. But in 1958, Wagner and Within started with a deterministic model, referred to as the Wagner-Within method, with known demands in each period, and fluctuating costs from one period to the next. A few years later, results for the stochastic model were established by Iglehart and Wagner with Veinott, which involves a demand with a continuous distribution. Inventory models have been applied and adapted by organizations. Silver enumerated the extensive research and application done over the years. In retail inventory management, retail outlets are increasingly adopting equipment that permits capture of demand data and updating of inventory records at the point of sale. In integrated logistics, a very complex system, it utilizes operations inventory management where maintenance, transportation and/or production are involved. In interactions with marketing, inventory management is applied on how to routinely take account of the effects of promotional activities on the control of inventories, how to predict and account for the effects of the system on the demand pattern, and the allocation of the shelf space in outlets such as supermarkets. Stock on Inventory The American Institute of Accountants defined the term inventory as â€Å"the aggregate of those items of tangible property which (1) are held for sale in the ordinary course of business, (2) are in process of production for such sale or (3) are to be available for ‘sale’. In Nigeria, inventory is usually referred to as stock-in-trade or work-in-progress. Stock may consist of (i) Raw materials and supplies to be consumed in production (ii) work-in-progress, or partly manufactured goods, (ii) Finished stock or goods ready for sale. Stocks are valued in a fundamentally different way from fixed assets; the latter are usually valued at cost less accumulated depreciation. No method of stock valuation is suitable for all types of business in all circumstances. Stock is valued at cost less any part of cost, which needs to be written off when net realizable value or the replacement price is lower than cost. The Functions of Inventory Inventories perform a number of vital functions in the operations of a system, which in turn makes them critical to the production sector as well. Without inventories, organizations could not hope to achieve smooth production flow, obtain reasonable utilization of machines and reasonable handling cost or expects to give reasonable service to customers. The basic function of inventories whether they are raw materials, work-in-progress or finished goods are that of decoupling the operations involved in converting inputs into outputs. This allows the successive stages in the purchasing, manufacturing and distribution process to operate reliance on the schedule of output, of prior activities in the production process. Furthermore, the decoupling function allows both time and spatial separation between production and consumption of products in the operating system. Lastly, inventories can also be used for other purposes apart from the decoupling functions. For example, when inventories are displayed, they serve as promotional investment. Raw materials and finished inventories are frequently accumulated to wedge against price rises, inflation and strikes. Inventories also serve to smooth out irregularities in supply. In essence, inventories act to decouple organizational activities, thereby achieving lower costs of operations. Inventories act to reduce procurement costs, and inventories act to provide good customer service and smooth production flow by providing onetime delivery and avoiding costly stock shortages. Inventories ordered in large quantities can result in lower freight charges and price discounts. On the other hand, inventory requires tying up capital that would otherwise be invested elsewhere. Inventory also requires costly storage space; and such costs as insurance, spoilage obsolesce, pilferage and taxes must be incurred as a result of maintaining inventory. Hence, there is an appropriate opportunity cost associated with their value. It is therefore, the duty of the management to seek decision rules that will actually balance these controversies of costs for a given system. It is in response to this management quest for guidance in handling inventory decision situations that a number of techniques (models) have been developed to serve as aid to management in achieving optimal inventory solutions. Inventory Cost The objectives of materials management are to minimize inventory investments and to maximize customer service. It is a plan to see that, the goals can be inconsistent or even indirect conflicts the role of the materials management is thus to balance the objective in relation to the existing conditions and environmental limitations. The basic object of inventory management is to maximize customer service through maintaining appropriate amount of inventory with minimum possible cost. Inventory costs are costs associated with the operation of an inventory system. Thus the relevant costs included inventory are the following: The purchase cost (P)The purchase costs of an item are the unit purchase it is obtained from an external source or the unit production costs it is produced internally. For the purchase items it is the purchase costless modified for different quantity levels manufacturing items the unit cost include direct labour or company overhead. Ordering or set up cost (C)This is the cost of placing an order. This cost directly with the number of order or setups placed and not at all weigh the size of the order. The ordering cost included making analysing materials inspecting materials follows up orders and doing the processing necessary to complete the transaction. Carrying costs or holding costs (H)There are costs of items (inventories) in storage. These costs vary with the level of inventory and occasionally with the length of item an item is held. The greater the level of inventory overtime, the higher the caring cost caring casts can be included the costs of losing the use of funds field up in inventory like storages casts such as rent of building heating cooling righting security, record keeping, deprecation obsolescence, product deterioration etc. Stock out cost (shortage cost) This is the cost as a result of not having items in storage. This can bring loses of good will profit loss of incur back order cost and delay in the customer service. Establishing the correct quantity to order from vendors or the size of lots submitted to the firms productive facilities involves a search for the minimum total cost resulting from the combined effects of fewer individual costs holding costs, setup costs ordering costs and storage costs (Tersine, R.J, 1994. PP. 13-15) Inventory Costing Method There are three methods of inventory costing method. These are:First – in First – out (FIFO)This method is based on the assumption that costs should be computed out in the order in which incurred. Inventory is thus stated in terms of recent costs. Last – in First – out (LIFO)is a method based on the assumption that goods should be charged out the latest cost be the latest cost be the first that are charge out. Inventories are thus stated in terms of earliest cost.Weighted average method is a method based on the assumption that goods should be charged out at an average cost such average being influenced by the number of unites acquired at the price. Inventories are stated at the same weighted average cost.

Alan Turning: A Sad Mystery Essay -- Alan Turning Enigma Biography Pap

Alan Turning: A Sad Mystery â€Å"The original question, ‘Can machines think?’ I believe to be too meaningless to deserve discussion. Nevertheless I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted†¦. The popular view that scientists proceed inexorably from well-established fact to well-established fact, never being influenced by any improved conjecture, is quite mistaken. Provided it is made clear which are proved facts and which are conjectures, no harm can result. Conjectures are of great importance since they suggest useful lines of research† (Turing, â€Å"Computing Machinery and Intelligence†) In his thorough biography of Alan Turing, Alan Turing:The Enigma, Andrew Hodges described the self-destruction of HAL in 2001 A Space Odyssey in the following way:â€Å"He was only aware of the conflict that was slowly destroying his integrity – the conflict between truth, and concealment of truth† (Hodges, 533). Apparently the authors of 2001, Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick had based their picture of HAL on ideas developed by Alan Turing, the brilliant British mathematician, scientist, cryptographer and philosopher who committed suicide on June 7, 1954. (Hodges, 533). Mr. Turing had a remarkable career from the 1930’s into the early 1950’s. He studied math initially at Cambridge, worked for a time at Princeton and spent most of World War II at Bletchley Park where he and his colleagues eventually solved the Enigma cipher used by the Germans to secure their U-boat strikes against Allied shipping lanes during the height of the European war. After the war, he returned to academic life ... ...or of much of the early thought that has evolved into today’s computer science will continue to affect us. It is rather daunting to envision what more he could have given us when considering the legacy of his work. Perhaps Clark and Kubrick also had Turing the man in mind when they devised what it would take to cause HAL to self-destruct Works Cited Hodges, Andrew. â€Å"The Alan Turing Home Page.† last updated 24 October 1998. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/Turing.html(February, 1999). Hodges, Andrew. Alan Turing:The Enigma. New York:Simon and Schuster, 1983. Hodges, Andrew. â€Å"Alan Turing:a natural philosopher.† 1997. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/philo/ ex6.html (February, 1999). Turing, Alan. â€Å"Computing Machinery and Intelligence† 1950. http://www.sscf.ucsb.edu/~sung/ comm115/writing-define-computing/Computing-machinery.html (February, 1999). Alan Turning: A Sad Mystery Essay -- Alan Turning Enigma Biography Pap Alan Turning: A Sad Mystery â€Å"The original question, ‘Can machines think?’ I believe to be too meaningless to deserve discussion. Nevertheless I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted†¦. The popular view that scientists proceed inexorably from well-established fact to well-established fact, never being influenced by any improved conjecture, is quite mistaken. Provided it is made clear which are proved facts and which are conjectures, no harm can result. Conjectures are of great importance since they suggest useful lines of research† (Turing, â€Å"Computing Machinery and Intelligence†) In his thorough biography of Alan Turing, Alan Turing:The Enigma, Andrew Hodges described the self-destruction of HAL in 2001 A Space Odyssey in the following way:â€Å"He was only aware of the conflict that was slowly destroying his integrity – the conflict between truth, and concealment of truth† (Hodges, 533). Apparently the authors of 2001, Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick had based their picture of HAL on ideas developed by Alan Turing, the brilliant British mathematician, scientist, cryptographer and philosopher who committed suicide on June 7, 1954. (Hodges, 533). Mr. Turing had a remarkable career from the 1930’s into the early 1950’s. He studied math initially at Cambridge, worked for a time at Princeton and spent most of World War II at Bletchley Park where he and his colleagues eventually solved the Enigma cipher used by the Germans to secure their U-boat strikes against Allied shipping lanes during the height of the European war. After the war, he returned to academic life ... ...or of much of the early thought that has evolved into today’s computer science will continue to affect us. It is rather daunting to envision what more he could have given us when considering the legacy of his work. Perhaps Clark and Kubrick also had Turing the man in mind when they devised what it would take to cause HAL to self-destruct Works Cited Hodges, Andrew. â€Å"The Alan Turing Home Page.† last updated 24 October 1998. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/Turing.html(February, 1999). Hodges, Andrew. Alan Turing:The Enigma. New York:Simon and Schuster, 1983. Hodges, Andrew. â€Å"Alan Turing:a natural philosopher.† 1997. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/philo/ ex6.html (February, 1999). Turing, Alan. â€Å"Computing Machinery and Intelligence† 1950. http://www.sscf.ucsb.edu/~sung/ comm115/writing-define-computing/Computing-machinery.html (February, 1999). Alan Turning: A Sad Mystery Essay -- Alan Turning Enigma Biography Pap Alan Turning: A Sad Mystery â€Å"The original question, ‘Can machines think?’ I believe to be too meaningless to deserve discussion. Nevertheless I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted†¦. The popular view that scientists proceed inexorably from well-established fact to well-established fact, never being influenced by any improved conjecture, is quite mistaken. Provided it is made clear which are proved facts and which are conjectures, no harm can result. Conjectures are of great importance since they suggest useful lines of research† (Turing, â€Å"Computing Machinery and Intelligence†) In his thorough biography of Alan Turing, Alan Turing:The Enigma, Andrew Hodges described the self-destruction of HAL in 2001 A Space Odyssey in the following way:â€Å"He was only aware of the conflict that was slowly destroying his integrity – the conflict between truth, and concealment of truth† (Hodges, 533). Apparently the authors of 2001, Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick had based their picture of HAL on ideas developed by Alan Turing, the brilliant British mathematician, scientist, cryptographer and philosopher who committed suicide on June 7, 1954. (Hodges, 533). Mr. Turing had a remarkable career from the 1930’s into the early 1950’s. He studied math initially at Cambridge, worked for a time at Princeton and spent most of World War II at Bletchley Park where he and his colleagues eventually solved the Enigma cipher used by the Germans to secure their U-boat strikes against Allied shipping lanes during the height of the European war. After the war, he returned to academic life ... ...or of much of the early thought that has evolved into today’s computer science will continue to affect us. It is rather daunting to envision what more he could have given us when considering the legacy of his work. Perhaps Clark and Kubrick also had Turing the man in mind when they devised what it would take to cause HAL to self-destruct Works Cited Hodges, Andrew. â€Å"The Alan Turing Home Page.† last updated 24 October 1998. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/Turing.html(February, 1999). Hodges, Andrew. Alan Turing:The Enigma. New York:Simon and Schuster, 1983. Hodges, Andrew. â€Å"Alan Turing:a natural philosopher.† 1997. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/philo/ ex6.html (February, 1999). Turing, Alan. â€Å"Computing Machinery and Intelligence† 1950. http://www.sscf.ucsb.edu/~sung/ comm115/writing-define-computing/Computing-machinery.html (February, 1999).

Jensen Shoes Company Essay

Company management requires to know the opportunities for new markets and new products, necessitating the need to expand product lines in this process, Janes Karvitz, strategic production took up Lyndon in her team and now facing problem with his attitude at work and trying to motivate him to finish his assigned work About organization and employee designations: Jensen Shoes is an American company which is specializing in athletic and casual shoes for both adults and children The hierarchy of the employees is as follows: Sally Briggs-VP of marketing Chuck Taylor – Director of Strategic marketing (Strategic product managers) Jane Kravitz- casual wear ; Kyle-athletic shoes ; Robert – children shoes Lyndon –staff Patty Russell: HR professional Present situation of the company : About Lyndon and Jane Kravitz: †¢ Lyndon Twitchell ,a staff member in Jane’s team, and was given two strategic objectives (s.o.’s) to complete i.e Latino and African American market. †¢ In addition to it, he was assigned a third project on environmental issues at the same time. †¢ Lyndon has not been able to fulfil his strategic objectives under Chuck while he was in a management position. †¢ After been transferred to Jane’s team, he tried to take a week to fly to the west coast and attend a trade show. †¢ Twitchell and Jane came to an agreement that Twitchell would be responsible for only one strategic objective and they signed a contract to record the same. Problem identification and Contextual analysis: Pre-assumptions by Kravitz and their effect on her behaviour: The case reflected the fact that Janes took up Lyndon in her team and now facing problem with his attitude at work. Karvitz was already informed by Chuck that Lyndon is a guy who is difficult to handle in terms of work, This corresponds to the social information processing model , in which people adopt attitudes and behaviours in keeping with the cues provided by others with whom they come into contact. With this perceived information, she pre assumed that she can motivate and put him in to work, because she though Chuck is quick at deciding and so did not actually accepted the fact. The pre assumption brought changes in Janes behaviour and attitude towards Lyndon Brook. She, thinking that giving moral support can actually motivate Lyndon .Apart from this ,she personally experienced working with Lyndon and realized ,he has many great qualities of being professional, charming and the capability of solving problems . This extra care that Jane took, may be the reason Lyndon took advantage and planned a business . A pictorial SWOT analysis has been shown below: Strengths Value employees same as products Open door policy Weakness Improper task allocation Uncontrolled behaviour of employees Low product varieties Opportunities New markets New consumer preferences Threats Flattening sales of casual wear Competition from others in market Communication barriers: In case it was mentioned that, Lyndon was rude to his boss. When Kravitz called Lyndon to her cabin to have a formal talk, he left abruptly without even giving proper answer to Kravitz. Lyndon here did a selective screening. He did not bother what Kravitz is actually trying to communicate. He spoke just what he wanted to and left the cabin. Kravitz analysed this behaviour of Lyndon is due to the fact of career development desire, once he used to be in a position under Chuck. So, she promised Lyndon, that she will talk with the management to offer him a better position. This somehow created a little chance to talk to Lyndon. She even planned informal meets to make ease for Lyndon. Performance Management: feedback Lyndon performance was analysed by Chuck previously. And he remarked negative on his behaviour. Lyndon actually performed excellent in few of his projects assigned. He did not make out most of them good. Chuck may be focusing on only unfinished projects while evaluating Lyndon’s performance. Also being quick decision maker, he may not actually try to figure out the problem of Lyndon. This might be effected Lyndon in a negative way, that he was mistreated by his boss and remarked bad before all other colleagues. And thus is the reason for his resistance to the words and suggestions by Kravitz, feeling that he will anyways be not recognised for his work. Alternatives or possible solutions: The first alternative is to avoid pre assumptions. Kravitz would not have provided special treatment only to brook ,which he in turn realised it. He thought that he was treated separately distinguishing from other staff might be due to the negative image he has. So, it would have been much comfortable even to Lyndon, when considered equally with the remaining two people. This can bring him the feel of normalness while working. A part from this Kravitz should not follow projection methodology by expecting the same she feels at her work from her staff. The second alternative can be from the side of Lyndon. Lyndon should not have self-serving biasness. He is actually not accepting the internal faults but over estimating the external factors he was being influenced. This made him to deny the responsibility of finishing the so’s in time and even planning to a trip in unsuitable circumstances. RECOMMENDATIONS: The above alternatives can be viewed when Karvitz did not demonstrate fundamental attribution error. She can encourage Lyndon for his finished works and recognize him for the best results .She can give continuous reinforcement so that she can derive the desired behaviour quickly possible. Lyndon should also inculcate self-efficacy and try to help Karvitz in finishing the s.o.’s in time. He should avoid the negative thoughts of over burdening and extra works and be enthusiastic at finishing his job. The third recommendation in order to improve the situation is that the management must be realistic in allocating work to employees and Jane Kravitz must be bold enough not to accept a work if she found it very unrealistic and tough to finish. Too high self-esteem can prove to be counter-intuitive at times. While throwing birthday parties is fine, continuous reinforcement through extrinsic rewards and recognitions of the work been accomplished by employees can be more encouraging. Experimentation can be made using negative reinforcement, when positive reinforcement fails to work. The fear of losing job can increase the likelihood of desirable behaviour.

Problems Of The Ie Policy Formulation Education Essay

The hypothesis of this survey is stressing the jobs of the IE policy preparation and execution. It can be seen as a major root cause of hapless educational accomplishment among the PWDs is reasonably supported harmonizing to the research findings. However, the research worker discovered that there are more critical issues than the IE policy that affect the educational success of the handicapped kids in Myanmar. This chapter summarizes the research findings from the field work by measuring the hypothesis and aims of the research which determine whether the IE policy has been good implemented. It besides includes a decision of of several issues that hinder the educational chances for the PWDs and their degree of engagement in the policy preparation. In order to sit the interviewee with some respondents from DPOs, the challenges of accessing IE services the deficiency of sufficient instructors, the deficiency of committedness, and the deficiency of hope by agencies of instruction, poorness. Besides, human rights misdemeanors, the deficiency of public services, hapless execution of instruction policy, and the deficiency of relevant course of studies, and the deficiency of school liberty are major factors that influence the instruction development of CWDs. The first portion of this chapter summarizes the cardinal findings of the fieldwork on how the IE policy meets the challenges of better educational chances for the PWDs in Myanmar and what factors undermine the instruction development chance for the PWDs in primary and lower secondary degrees. The 2nd portion of the chapter covers a decision and recommendations related to the IE policy.DecisionBased on the research findings, it can be concluded that a demand for better educationa l substructure in Myanmar should be addressed every bit desperately as possible in order to make development chance for the PWDs. The construct of IE means welcoming all CWDs without favoritism in formal schools. Indeed, the focal point are on capacities, developmental demands, and potencies of all kids including the CWDs. IE ‘s efforts to suit the CWDs into the normal scenes can besides be a really ascendant factor over the public presentation ability and the rational accomplishments of the pupils with disablements. This research proved that the auxiliary supports for their disablements are needed for advancing the CWDs ‘ overall development in an optimum scene. These supports include a consideration of overall organisation, course of study and schoolroom pattern, support for larning and staff development. The survey calls for regard of difference and diverseness of single features and demands. Sing school related environmental issue, socio-cultural and poverty issue and other policy related factors, self-respect, equality and disablement rights are really of import because they provide a opportunity for the PWDs to relocate their involvement in larning. Sum uping the findings of this survey, current IE policy execution procedures might non be the most serious issue that direly undermines the learning ability of CWDs, but it does impact the attitudinal alterations and the guaranting educational chances for CWDs to acquire the societal interaction in the society. However, it would be well hard to make a genuinely inclusive educational environment for some handicapped kids depending on their disablements. This does non intend that the CWDs should be segregated in particular schools and isolated from all life in that environment. Even though Myanmar authorities signed Education for All, the practical execution is far from desired. Therefore, the research worker strongly argues that there should be an appropriate environment for PWDs that it would non be good to anyone if including it in the same puting every bit as other non-disabled people in both instruction and societal sectors. In fact, this is besides the rights of PWDs clearly determined by the international norms such as Declaration of Human Rights in which Myanmar already ratified and Bali Declaration on Inclusive Development for People with Disabilities and United Nation Convention on Right for People with Disabilities which were signed in 2011. In add-on, this survey has highlighted the challenges of the PWDs to make the end of EFA through IE policy in Myanmar. The existent challenge of the inclusive instruction is to run into the particular demands of all CWDs but now the authorities ‘s execution program has been hindered by both the nature of the policy itself and the insufficient support support. To work out these challenges, the authorities needs to get the better of all types of barriers mainly instruction policy reforming procedure, the altering procedure of social-cultural beliefs, poorness issues, and school related patterns and manners of acquisition of the CWDs. Furthermore, budget restriction is another of import factor impacting the execution of the IE policy. This survey found that the authorities ‘s budget allotment for instruction for the PWDs is less than wellness and rehabilitation services. Therefore, educational substructure is extremely required to be provided for the CWDs in order to accomplish their societal and educational development. In add-on, schools and sufficient instructors in all countries should be provided by the authorities and acquisition should be free for all non merely in theory but a stronger execution must be in topographic point to assure an equal acquisition chance. Limited apprehensions of the construct of disablement, negative attitudes toward the CWDs and a hard-boiled opposition to alter are the major barriers hindering inclusive instruction. Of peculiar concern is the fact that the attitudes of parents and instructors are seen as the decisive factors for successful inclusion. Since the research findings showed that IE instruction without proper version to the local context is still weak for the CWDs in prosecuting quality instruction, schools should hold specially trained instructors in disablement intervention, enabling them to give supports in learning in order to advance the pupil ‘s competence and larning ability in instruction. With regard to this, bing theories of inclusive instruction have been proven to be successful in other states. However, Myanmar IE policy alteration is non the lone issue to be addressed in advancing the educational criterion of the PWDs, but the perceptual experience of the parents in the public toward their kids sustainable development should besides be taken into consideration. In fact, based on the findings, the research worker strongly argues that there is besides a demand for legal protection of human rights misdemeanors against the CWDs since the research clearly identified that the equality and the just undermine acquisition chances for the CWDs which subsequently greatly affect on their single development. In add-on, the research worker strongly believes that there should be a better execution in instruction and larning procedure in which the CWDs are extremely motivated to larn through particular instruction. The current instruction and larning procedure does non turn to the single acquisition demands and the course of study lack the needed flexibleness to provide to the demands of the CWDs. There is small range for kids ‘s engagement in originative activities or critical thought and instructors lack preparation and experience in instruction and managing the CWDs. Furthermore, the high cost of disablement related stuffs was another discouraging factor of the CWDs to entree inclusive instruction services. With the strong committedness to the long term basic instruction development program and EFA-NAP, MOE tries at its best to raise the quality of basic instruction for all school-aged kids in both formal and non-formal instruction. The state ‘s educational resources for the PWDs should be strengthened and brought in line with the CRPD. In add-on, a house foundation for future growing of IE for all CWDs across the state should be put in topographic point now. In-depth research on IE for CWDs is a cardinal constituent to develop internal expertness and supply quality recommendations to the authorities and will press the authorities to go through the revised Universal Primary Education which provides the legal foundation for IE for CWDs. To sum up, the of import consequences of these findings are that inclusive instruction plan recognizes the demand for seting the larning plan to alter conditions in the society. The instruction system caters for all kids non merely in formal schools who because of the necessity of schooling in-migration for the particular schools and community acquisition centres. Thereby wholly neglected those in the rural countries where a great step of resources for development resides. Most underdeveloped states are in make bolding demand to develop national consciousness among the citizens. This has been one of the major obstructions to national development and integrating. Therefore, the research worker strongly argues that the major impact on educational accomplishment of the CWDs is the happier larning environment for them but it would besides make with a sense of regard, and self-respect among the community.RecommendationFrom the policy analyzing, single interviews, and concentrate group tre atment, the following are recommendations that are proposed by the research worker in order to inform all stakeholders who work in the inclusive instruction, irrespective of formal and particular instruction. At the same clip, this research is hoped that the information on disablement related issues will be of involvement and utile to me/LNGOs, DPOs, and other establishments to develop the disablement and instruction plans and community development plans.Datas on disablementAccurate informations is of import demands for advancing the handiness of the wider understanding about the current state of affairs and for making an analysis on the impacts of the current instruction policy toward the development of the PWDs. The current informations on disablement merely is based upon the First Myanmar National Disability Survey, so the research worker would extremely urge that farther study or research be done in order to propose a possible reform in instruction in the hereafter.School relate d factorsThe major recommendation is an constitution of a particular instruction plan in all authorities schools that would offer particular instruction categories in each mainstream school. All categories incorporating CWDs should hold a sensible ratio of instructors and pupils, and the instructors should be particularly trained to hold a disablement consciousness, particularly those instructors who taught kids with ocular damages, hearing damages and rational disablements. There needs to be a useable infinite for the varied demands of direction in the schools. The age of entry into and go forthing from the particular categories should be flexible. Besides, the schools should be equipped with appropriate instruction stuffs.Originating extra-curricular activities in and out of schoolParticular attempts should be made to affect the CWDs in particular athleticss and games. These activities help them bask school more and review their head, and construct their organic structures. In add -on, these extra-curricular activities for all CWDs are really indispensable. From the survey of best patterns, it is clear that the induction of inclusive patterns has been a consequence of concerted community consciousness. This is an of import parametric quantity non merely for advancing inclusion outside the schoolroom among kids, but besides for blossoming diverse potencies and endowments of both kids with and without disablements.Socio -cultural factorsThe engagement of parents, instructors and health professionals is really indispensable. Earlier surveies showed that for desirable partnership to predominate among instructors, parents and health professionals, a common sharing of cognition, accomplishments, experiences and decision-making is required ( Semakula, 1999 ) . Long-run and short-run developments of the educational plans are based non merely on the CWDs involvements and abilities, but besides their households ‘ supports and precedences. Obviously, the positive parental attitude toward schooling will supply a sound foundation for bettering the kids ‘s acquisition. Therefore, uninterrupted awareness-raising activities should non merely be for parents or health professionals, but besides for other community members.Policy factorsThe authorities should set in topographic point statute law that makes all CWDs as the donee of mandatory instruction so that there should besides be statute law to guarantee uninterrupted proviso of disablement friendly learning stuffs and the physical school substructures. Furthermore, the authorities should develop more adept instructors of particular demands instruction, and give them some particular motive about community mobilisation. The ultimate educational end for CWDs should be focused on either mainstreaming or particular schools and community based resource centres for a go oning long term shooting. Last, the authorities should supply more fiscal support and political protection to guarantee that th e particular tools and equipment necessary for the acquisition of CWDs become cheaper and more accessible. At the execution degree, it can be seen that the kid centre attack can make full the spread to the failure of the formal instruction system in linkage between instructors and the CWDs. The attack can be applied in many extents such as course of study reforms, active instruction manners, and significantly a infinite to use what they want to larn from their existent life patterns. At the national degree, along with the arguments, treatment, and the authorities ‘s strong will to take reform, reforming the whole dismantled instruction system will take the certain figure of old ages, using the lessons learned from current inclusive instruction plans. Apart from this, it should be really of import to make a policy and infinite where the cooperation among IE pilot undertakings, I/LNGOs, DPOs and the authorities.

Free Essays on South Korea

In Webster’s dictionary, economic growth is defined as a positive change in the level of production of goods and services by a country over a certain period. Around 1953 South Korea realized that for their economy to grow they must develop manufacturing skills so they could reduce the amount of money being spent on foreign goods and redistribute it further throughout the country. For a short period, the Korean government even forced their own people to work for lower wages so profits would increase and force the economy to progress. Even though this was not a traditional proposal, the effects seemed to help the country advance. In addition to the financial problems, South Korea also needed to address other major issues such as, transportation, agricultural, and manufacturing. In the late 1950’s, South Korea decided that they needed to revamp their already existing highways and its public transport system. Not only did this make commuting easier but they new technology make theirs one of the best in the world. As for agricultural, the government realized that many of their people still gained a living form farming. So to maximize their profits they decided to introduce fertilizers this not only increased productivity but also helped them become self-sufficient in the food industry. For manufacturing, it did not begin to become propionate until the late 1960’s when the farmers decided they no longer wanted to be regulated by the government. After this action was taken, they slowly started to introduce themselves as predominate producers in ships, memory chips, automotives, and technology. However, as for today, all of these issues are still somewhat important but slowly, the demand for high-tech industry has taken over and made South Korea’s economic growth continue to thrive off it.... Free Essays on South Korea Free Essays on South Korea In Webster’s dictionary, economic growth is defined as a positive change in the level of production of goods and services by a country over a certain period. Around 1953 South Korea realized that for their economy to grow they must develop manufacturing skills so they could reduce the amount of money being spent on foreign goods and redistribute it further throughout the country. For a short period, the Korean government even forced their own people to work for lower wages so profits would increase and force the economy to progress. Even though this was not a traditional proposal, the effects seemed to help the country advance. In addition to the financial problems, South Korea also needed to address other major issues such as, transportation, agricultural, and manufacturing. In the late 1950’s, South Korea decided that they needed to revamp their already existing highways and its public transport system. Not only did this make commuting easier but they new technology make theirs one of the best in the world. As for agricultural, the government realized that many of their people still gained a living form farming. So to maximize their profits they decided to introduce fertilizers this not only increased productivity but also helped them become self-sufficient in the food industry. For manufacturing, it did not begin to become propionate until the late 1960’s when the farmers decided they no longer wanted to be regulated by the government. After this action was taken, they slowly started to introduce themselves as predominate producers in ships, memory chips, automotives, and technology. However, as for today, all of these issues are still somewhat important but slowly, the demand for high-tech industry has taken over and made South Korea’s economic growth continue to thrive off it....

Fourth Sacred Music Essay essays

Fourth Sacred Music Essay essays This fourth essay for the African American History Through Sacred Music class covers Michael W. Harris, The Rise of Gospel Blues: The Music of Thomas Andrew Dorsey in the Urban Church, the final section of Wyatt Tee Walkers Somebodys Calling My Name: Black Sacred Music and Social Change, and three pieces from Milton C. Sernetts African American Religious History: A Documentary Witness. Sernetts pieces are Effects of Urbanization on Religious Life, Singing of Good Tidings and Freedom, and Black Theology and the Black Church: Where Do We Go from Here. A familiar theme keeps recurring in these readings. Blacks were still struggling for equality, still fighting the racism prevalent in the America. Michael Harris has written an interesting book about Thomas Andrew Dorsey. He describes Dorsey as a pianist, composer and arranger for prominent blues singers, one of whom we know as Ma Rainey. Dorsey took his blues style into Chicagos African American protestant churches, beginning in the late 1930s. Due to the unseemly reputation of the blues performance and the excitement that gospel blues produced in the congregation, this idea was at first rejected. This book highlights the conflict that developed. There was a segment that wanted the African-American culture and religion nurtured, and kept alive. Then there was the segment that wanted the church to be a way in which African Americans would ease into American Christianity and the prevailing white-American culture. Harris shows how, by the end of the 1930s, the first group won out due to the power of Gospel music. Harris has written a scholarly portrait of Dorsey, who continued to perform throughout the 80s. He has included an extensive notes section, and a comprehensive bibliography, so we can conclude that this is a scholarly document. In Walkers Somebodys Calling M...

How to handle your money if you know youre getting fired

How to handle your money if you know youre getting fired Sometimes firings or layoffs come out of the blue- you go into work one morning, thinking everything is fine, and then†¦blammo. Other times, you kinda know it’s coming. Maybe things aren’t going so well with your company or your industry, making layoffs a painful inevitability. Or maybe things just haven’t been going well for you personally, and you know it’s just a matter of time. Whatever the case may be, if you can see the writing on the wall and you want to make sure you’re preparing yourself, how do you tackle your immediate financial future? Don’t make huge purchases if you can avoid it.If you’re thinking of buying a house, investing in a friend’s startup, getting a new car, or whatever, reconsider your timeline. If you lose your job tomorrow and have to spend months on a job hunt, will you be able to afford this big extra expense? If this is something you can put off for at least a few months while you regroup profes sionally and financially, defer the investment.Know your state’s unemployment policies.Knowing what you’re going to get, unemployment-wise, will help you stay on top of your bills in the aftermath of getting fired.Come up with several different budgets.You probably already have some kind of a general budget in your life, but this is a crisis budget. Identify absolute necessities (like food, utilities, rent/mortgage), and make sure you have enough money to cover those first. The most important thing in your crisis budget is being realistic.It’s also helpful to come up with a few different scenarios for your budgets. For example, Budget A is the on you use if you’re unemployed for two months, with severance and unemployment. Budget B is the one where you’re unemployed for six months or longer, with severance and unemployment. Budget C can be the wildcard, if you’re unemployed longer, or don’t have severance or unemployment. If the axe h asn’t fallen yet, it’s important to consider all the different scenarios you might be facing, and plan accordingly to make sure your bills are covered.Get rid of unnecessary expenses and bills.Think about what you actually need in your life, and what are the â€Å"nice to have†s. Do you need cable, or could you get by for a few months with some kind of Netflix + Hulu combo? Do you go out to dinner or do takeout several times a week, when you could just as easily cook? It’s time to put serious thought into the costs that can be reduced or canceled.See if you can modify your bill payments.Some of your bills are likely non-negotiable, like electricity or food. Others may allow you to modify your payments based on financial hardship, like student loans. For any bills you’re currently paying, it’s worth the research to see if you can modify your payments on a short-term basis, if possible.Don’t panic and stop paying bills.The instinct can be to stop and hoard all the money, because the future is uncertain. And while you may be able to ride out the short-term pain of being late on bills, you’re seriously endangering the financial health of Future You. If you can make payments on schedule, do. You want to avoid future repercussions for your credit and finances if at all possible.Getting fired is traumatic and scary, but even if you know it’s coming, it’s essential to keep calm and prioritize your personal finances so that you can help yourself get back on track (or stay on track) as quickly as possible.

Federal Express Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Federal Express - Case Study Example This essay examines potential problems that led to the delay of the cargos belonging to desktop innovation by federal express transporters using the SWOT analysis (McDougall & Dorken, 145). A Background Description and Problem Statement in the Case Study Federal express is a business identified with transportation of commodities. The company has branches in major cities where it operates its activities. It has reputable customer service relations, and this is evident in its delivery of commodities. They issued clients with a delivery guarantee in the case of failure to delivery the prearranged cargos. Desktop Publishing Company deals with the organization and provisions of services and products individuals use in conducting trade shows and exhibitions. Desktop Publishing Company experienced problems with Federal express transporters in shipping two of its packages to a customer who was conducting a trade show in Simpson, South Carolina. The shipment to the customer leading to bad com pany reputation for desktop innovation was delayed. Situation psychoanalysis Using SWOT Applications of the Case Study SWOT analysis refers to the ‘strength’, ‘weaknesses’, ‘opportunities’ and ‘strength’ present within a company. ... It tarnished the company’s name because Federal express, which acted as, a company’s client was disappointed in the reaction they received from the staff of the company. Secondly, the opportunities of federal express serve as strength in the daily activity it conducts. It notifies clients when the delivery schedule is changed or delayed. This prevents future disagreement that may with the clients. Lastly, the promotional strategy that federal express uses is a weakness because it discourages rather instead of motivating clients. Desktop innovation was greatly disappointed in the basket of chocolates sent to them from the company to act as compensation (McDougall & Dorken, 147). Evaluation of the Case Study The findings of the case study revealed the diverse challenges faced by organizations in the running of daily activities. The delay in the shipment of products noticed in Federal express agency reveals a decline or change of activities within the company. The change c ould have originated from various causes like mechanical fault in the means that were used in shipping voyages. Secondly, improper time schedule could have resulted to the delay, since they were not being shipped within the agreed period. The compensation mechanism used by federal express requires to be reviewed. Clients in any environment always value quality for their product, and expect to be properly compensated when the quality they negotiated is not to their standards. Alternatives Useful In the Case Study Federal express can initiate different approaches in its operations to satisfy clients. The quantity of cargoes the company ships should be reduced to avoid the setbacks caused by overcrowding witnessed in the company. Secondly, the company should apply new expertise in the firm

At the Core of Hendrix's Ladyland Experience Essay

At the Core of Hendrix's Ladyland Experience - Essay Example Though it lacks the recording quality and quiet grace of "All Along the Watchtower", it throws out the real Hendrix that was woven through all of his too few albums. The song is rooted in Hendrix's genius for creating open-ended passages that flow out of a simple construction based on few chords. His prolific use of the 9th chords provides the song with a rock-blues sound with an ever-present feeling of tension. As Hendrix overlays his classic guitar leads, he pulls the song back to its blues roots only long enough for the listener to catch up and anticipate the coming resolution. The song is reminiscent of other blues giants of the period such as Butterfield, Mayhall, and Bloomfield but benefits from the addition of the extra musical filigree that only Hendrix possessed. The song is further enhanced by the profound use of multi-tracking, which was still a relatively new concept. By today's standards "Long Hot Summer Night" is rather poorly produced. At times the song is muddy and lacks the clear and crisp sound found on other songs from "The Experience". However, Hendrix's guitar leads remain intact with the hair-raising richness that is immediately identifiable. He handles the neck of his Stratocaster as if it's another appendage. Though few devices are noticeable on the track, Hendrix utilizes slides and bends with an ease that leaves no doubt that Jimi is in charge. The fullness of the amplifiers produce a sound that fills the listener with the liquid metallic smoothness of the finest blues-rock sound ever created. The guitar is rife with the round richness of overtones that we know as Hendrix. The familiar guitar is accompanied by Hendrix on vocals and spotlights his classic combination of defiance, pleading, and poetry. Though Hendrix was often self critical of his own voice, on "Long Hot Summer Night" he provides the harmony on the back up parts as well. His self-consciousness shows through as the back up vocals are often thin and seem out of place with the rest of the high power material. However, the force of Hendrix's poetry is able to overpower the song as the back up passages contain no meaningful lyrical content. It is able to successfully tell the age-old story of struggle and conflict that is as important today as it was then. The lyrics, typical of the period, are laced with psychedelic references that would be out of step today. The song tells of "three sugar walls and two candy cane windows " and serves up images of the surreal world of Hendrix. Yet, these are only lyrical devices that Hendrix uses to set the stage for his story. It is about the troubled "Summer of '68" and the trouble Hendrix was confronting while seeing himself as a musician thrust into a world of business and fame that he privately shunned. It is a song about escaping the twin masters he served, his art and the record label, as we see in his use of contrast as he repeats the line "hot cold summer". When he first introduces the telephone, clearly an annoyance, he says, "the telephone blew its horn". A few lines later, the tension has escalated and now "the telephone is screaming". At this point Hendrix breaks into a guitar solo signaling his escape from the torment and back into his craft, the quintessential Hendrix. The lyrics beg fo r release from the confusion of the earlier verses as he pleads for his

Supplay chain management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Supplay chain management - Research Paper Example Any business that fails to do so is prone to failure and its survival as a going concern is in doubt. To attain the three main objectives of a business, the business needs to attain sufficient revenue and resources in the form of fixed assets and working capital (Muller, 2003: 1). Working capital include the resources used in the trading activities of a business. Working capital is important because it is the resource base that is used to attract more profits through trade. It is through profitability that a business can earn liquid resources to fund its existence. On the other hand, there is the need growth and expansion, which is characterized by the holding up of wealth in fixed assets. This is also a vital part of the growth of an organization because holding more assets enables a business to expand appropriately and remain a stronger going concern. This means that fixed assets are essential and necessary for the expansion and promotion of business. However, locking up too much o f your capital in fixed assets leads to over-capitalization and this leads to a situation where there will be limited working capital for trading purposes (Chakraborty, 2003: 2). On the other extreme, holding too much working capital leads to over-trading which stands in the way of growth and survival of the business. There is therefore the need for businesses to draw a balance between the extent of locking up capital in assets and in trading activities. Inventory or stocks is an important element of business because in most production entities, inventory represents over 50% of the cost of production (Bragg, 2004: 1). This therefore means that inventory is a major factor that determines the nature, existence and operations of a business. The elements of inventory costs include cost of purchase, cost of storage, labor to receive, checking quantity, retrieval, selection, packing, shipping and accounting for it (Muller, 20030 p2). These costs sum up to very high amounts that are materi al in the financial statements of the business. Inventory is vital in the cost structure of businesses. This is because it can be a point for the lock up of immense working capital which can affect trading as well as the capitalization of the the business. Inventory therefore has to be monitored regularly and closely to ensure that it does not become an avenue for the inefficient use of a business' wealth. The inventory must therefore be monitored and managed through various units of an organization like purchasing, production planning, inventory control, receipt and storage and distribution of inventory. (Bose, 2006: 31). This is done by the use of various techniques and skills in managing the purchase and movement of stocks. Bose (2006: 31) argues that some techniques can be used by managers to ensure the efficient use of resources for the monitoring and control of the inflow and dispatch of stocks as a component of supply chain management. These techniques include Just-in-Time (J IT), Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and Re-order Point/Point of Safety Stock. These techniques help managers to take decisions that help the management of organizations to ensure that the right levels of stocks are kept at any given point in time to ensure that production goes on without the lock up of capital. On the other hand, it enables the management to order for stocks at the right time to ensure that there are no stock-outs which leads to idle time in businesses. Re-order Point The re-order point concept

Analyzing persuasive appeals in advertisements Essay

Analyzing persuasive appeals in advertisements - Essay Example Lisa Rinna as we all know, works mighty long hours when shooting her television shows and also spends a lot of her time traveling in the fulfillment of her occupational duties. Therefore, she does have a need for the product being endorsed and as such, conveys an authoritative image as she poses in her elegant black dress supposedly wearing the fancy, sexy, yet disposable Depend Silhouette for women. However, it makes you wonder if the ad was not intrinsic as well since she was also tapped to be the image model for the male line of adult diapers in the print ad as well. Im not entirely convinced she would know the needs of men when it came to adult diapers. The Pathos of the ad is directed first at their female audience since they are using a female image model in the print ad. The male audience becomes secondary but they too are enticed to look into the product because of the person endorsing it. In other words, this was a fantastic way to appeal to the audiences sense of identity, self-interest, and emotions. The audience, both male and female become kindred spirits as they are influenced by one and the same celebrity to try the same product for different sexes. The logos of the ad is amiably supported by the comparison pictures splashed across the page for the current existing adult male and female diapers when compared to the Depend versions of Real fit for men and Silhouette for women. Those supporting photographs proves the merit of the claim made by Lisa Rinna in the ad thus convincing the audience that listening to and trying out the product she endorses would be a good

Hurricane Katrina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hurricane Katrina - Essay Example Brinkley consciously limited the book to the first unthinkable week. Beginning on Saturday, August 27, when it first became clear that Katrina was going to strike again in the Gulf Coast after roughing up Florida, he traces the warnings, stories, fecklessness, and missed opportunities through the hurricane's five hours f wrath and the breaching f the levees. His account continues until the following Saturday, September 3, when buses finally reached the convention center and the Superdome to evacuate those stranded. By combining his own experiences during the storm and its aftermath-Brinkley returned to the city to help in rescue efforts after evacuating his family to Houston-with hundreds f interviews with citizens, first responders, and government officials, Brinkley paints a picture alternately heartbreaking, heartwarming, and enraging. The Great Deluge opens with models f excellent planning and action by the likes f the Louisiana Society for the Prevention f Cruelty to Animals (which had its 263 sheltered pets safely moved to Houston by the evening f August 27), the Entergy Corporation (which shut down its nuclear plant once Katrina became a category 3 storm), and Louisiana parish presidents (who issued mandatory evacuation orders to their residents and efficiently obtained special help for those who needed it). Although stories such as these, along with the valiant efforts f many first responders, are welcome doses f things that went right, The Great Deluge is primarily a story f how so much went wrong. Brinkley's meticulous assembly f the facts into a detailed chronology and analysis is devastating at times to virtually everyone in an official role-from New Orleans's mayor, Ray Nagin, to Louisiana's governor, Kathleen Blanco, to the secretary f the Department f Homeland Security, Michael Chertff, to the Federal Emergency Management Agency's "Brownie," to the man who gave him that nickname. And Brinkley pulls no punches: "Every time the Bush administration and the state f Louisiana hesitated, lawyered-up, and read the fine print f Homeland Security procedure, an American died prematurely," he writes. Brinkley's extensive footnotes deepen the sense f reading a cohesive and objective take on a complicated event. As the disaster continues to recede from the forefront f the minds f those who have that luxury and as inevitable election year finger-pointing provides ever more spin about what happened and why, The Great Deluge could hardly be a more timely, important, and effective antidote-to complacency, to poor leadership, and to the lack f accountability. To borrow a phrase: "Brinkley, you did a heckuva job." Brinkley criticized the Bush administration for its lack f reaction during the 72 hours immediately following the hurricane, when rescue is still possible. He also criticized elected officials for caring more about what their lawyers had to say about potential lawsuits than saving those in need. Instead, many victims were evacuated by private organizations or citizens like Jimmy. There was the Cajun Navy, a

Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Accounting - Research Paper Example This chapter outlines the essence of harmony, and healthy working relations. It is crucial to note that, Dunlap has caused more harm than salubrious. Many companies remained ruined during and after Dunlap’s rein as executive officer (Hooper, 2003). For instance, the application of traditional and crooked ways of bookkeeping, workforce evisceration and executive butt- worship, which characterized Chainsaw’s career in the business world wallowed majority of the firms, which included Sunbeam. They were rendered bankruptcy and crippled (Byrne, 2001). Dunlap’s arrogance can be illustrated in a case where were he fires quarter of the salaried employees of Lilly Tulip. It is imperative to note that, Dunlap’s egomaniacal style and obsession with short-term performance ultimately led to his firing and charged with fraud. Later Dunlap pays millions of dollars to the shareholders and remains banned from heading any public company (Lasdun, 2001). This situation reveals how, work places have risen to become one of the unsafe places as not perceived (Hodas, 2006). It is evidenced by journalistic investigation of incidents that, marginalization, harassment and bullying by administrators are a norm to employees (Beresntain, 1995). In conclusion, Dunlap represented an era characterized by anger, betrayal, self-interest, lies and arrogance for instance, the case where Dunlap rewards the lawyer such that, the intended loyalty and commitment might remain

Hurricane Katrina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hurricane Katrina - Essay Example Brinkley consciously limited the book to the first unthinkable week. Beginning on Saturday, August 27, when it first became clear that Katrina was going to strike again in the Gulf Coast after roughing up Florida, he traces the warnings, stories, fecklessness, and missed opportunities through the hurricane's five hours f wrath and the breaching f the levees. His account continues until the following Saturday, September 3, when buses finally reached the convention center and the Superdome to evacuate those stranded. By combining his own experiences during the storm and its aftermath-Brinkley returned to the city to help in rescue efforts after evacuating his family to Houston-with hundreds f interviews with citizens, first responders, and government officials, Brinkley paints a picture alternately heartbreaking, heartwarming, and enraging. The Great Deluge opens with models f excellent planning and action by the likes f the Louisiana Society for the Prevention f Cruelty to Animals (which had its 263 sheltered pets safely moved to Houston by the evening f August 27), the Entergy Corporation (which shut down its nuclear plant once Katrina became a category 3 storm), and Louisiana parish presidents (who issued mandatory evacuation orders to their residents and efficiently obtained special help for those who needed it). Although stories such as these, along with the valiant efforts f many first responders, are welcome doses f things that went right, The Great Deluge is primarily a story f how so much went wrong. Brinkley's meticulous assembly f the facts into a detailed chronology and analysis is devastating at times to virtually everyone in an official role-from New Orleans's mayor, Ray Nagin, to Louisiana's governor, Kathleen Blanco, to the secretary f the Department f Homeland Security, Michael Chertff, to the Federal Emergency Management Agency's "Brownie," to the man who gave him that nickname. And Brinkley pulls no punches: "Every time the Bush administration and the state f Louisiana hesitated, lawyered-up, and read the fine print f Homeland Security procedure, an American died prematurely," he writes. Brinkley's extensive footnotes deepen the sense f reading a cohesive and objective take on a complicated event. As the disaster continues to recede from the forefront f the minds f those who have that luxury and as inevitable election year finger-pointing provides ever more spin about what happened and why, The Great Deluge could hardly be a more timely, important, and effective antidote-to complacency, to poor leadership, and to the lack f accountability. To borrow a phrase: "Brinkley, you did a heckuva job." Brinkley criticized the Bush administration for its lack f reaction during the 72 hours immediately following the hurricane, when rescue is still possible. He also criticized elected officials for caring more about what their lawyers had to say about potential lawsuits than saving those in need. Instead, many victims were evacuated by private organizations or citizens like Jimmy. There was the Cajun Navy, a

Evidence week three Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidence week three - Essay Example ant facts that can be used to resolve the conflicts that regularly arise between nurses and pregnant mothers will be identified and used in the nursing field to create a harmonious coexistence. Presumable, nurses regularly perceive mothers diagnosed with diabetes with discernment (Eadara et al., 2010). Using the PICOT format my question will be: Question: How do expectant mothers diagnosed with diabetes relate to nurses and how do they perceive reporting their blood sugar levels to their healthcare givers within the first 6 months? (Eadara et al., 2010). The question is both qualitative and quantitative. It will use a mixed research design to enable a proper analysis of data and/or information and uncover the real facts underlying GDM and Preeclampsia (Eadara et al., 2010). Using a mixed design will also allow me to reference data appropriately and eventually derive knowledge that can contribute to the growth of evidence-based knowledge in nursing. This is a great case to refer to from the nursing examination strategies and methodologies utilized within the course contemplate by the people. This is among the greatest obscurities being in the nursing field and profession in the entire world since it is a nearly related viable action done by the attendant specialists as a careful investigation. According to Houser, the fall and damage cases have been on the ascent and essentially interfaced to the nature of nursing mind in the locale specified. Houser states that the examination is about the reason for fall and harm cases and its answer (Sudbury et al., 2007). The name of the examination database is called "Fall and Injury Prevention". This is pointed at securing what reasons individuals to fall and be presented to damages and what sort of individuals are obliged to give answer for these cases. It has been secured that numerous individuals get wounds from tumbling down on the floor or on articles and need fitting medical caretak er administer to their damages. A

Academia and Text Matching Software Essay Example for Free

Academia and Text Matching Software Essay Critically evaluate the use of text matching software as an aid to developing good scholarship practice Introduction Academic dishonesty such as plagiarism has been a major factor in education that has affected students’ success and academic achievements in recent years. Plagiarism according to Park (2003) is the act of appropriating or copying another person’s work and passing them on as one’s idea without acknowledging the original source. Park (2003) noted that plagiarism is a growing problem and has been a misuse of the writings of another author, their ideas, hypothesis, theories, research findings and interpretations. Furthermore studies by Chao, Wilhelm and Neureuther (2009) emphasised that the rising trend of plagiarism among students can be attributed to several factors such as academic literacy, language competence and the technological advancements in the world today in terms of high speed internet facility available in hostels and computer labs. These factors according to Chao, Wilhelm and Neureuther (2009) has enhanced the ability of students to plagiarise a whole assignment by obtaining papers on the internet relating to their assignments which is as easy as copying and pasting. Park (2003) stated that students have different perceptions towards plagiarism. He noted that students view plagiarism as a minor offence which is different from cheating in exams. He further discovered that plagiarism could be unintentional (ibid). This is because some students possess a mental illusion in which they believe they have produced something from their own perspective while infact they are reproducing something which they have read from another author. The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the effect of text matching software as an aid to developing good scholarship practice. This paper will begin by briefly describing what good scholarship practise is. In addition the use of text matching software for detecting good scholarship practice will be critically discussed and a conclusion will be made based on the evaluation. Good scholarship practice can be referred to as a formal study which involves academic learning and achievement. It involves acknowledging where information used to support ideas in a particular context is gotten and citing the sources (Locke and Latham, 2009). Britag and Mahmud (2009) pointed out that different strategies whichinclude the use of electronic software tools such as turnitin have been derived for detecting plagiarism with the intent of allowing students’ take responsibility of their learning and also work hand in hand with their tutors in the drafting stages of their assignments. According to Britag and Mahmud (2009) manual detection of plagiarism is difficult because it is time consuming and this is the reason why some tutors are reluctant in pursuing potential cases of plagiarism. However both the manual method of plagiarism detection and the electronic text matching method should be employed (Britag and Mahmud, 2009). Scaife (2007) argued that the electronic text matching software is not the solution to eliminating plagiarism because the software only focuses on text matching of paper under review with documents (journals, articles, e-books and conference papers) found on the internet or which has been previously submitted and this is a limitation because the only detection are focused on electronic materials without considering some non-electronic paper based documents which could still be plagiarised. Walker (2010) stated that with the development of text matching software such as the turnitin plagiarism detection was made easier, however he emphasised that the turnitin detection software is not 100 per cent efficient, it merely identifies and matches materials present in a document uploaded to turnitin website to materials available on the internet. Walker (2010) describes the electronic text matching software as a tool only suitable for detecting word for word or direct plagiarism in electronic form and the refined ones from the paper based sources are not easily detected. Moreover Carroll and Appleton (2001) argued that the turnitin is just an option for measuring plagiarism and that alone cannot be used as a basis for judging good scholarship practice. In addition Carroll and Appleton (2001) insist that the use of electronic software for detecting plagiarism requires human application and interpretation and that using turnitin alone as a medium for plagiarism detection is not proficient. According to Barrett and Malcolm (2006) the electronic text matching software (turnitin) only indicates possible plagiarism without any certainty, it is left to the tutor to determine the extent to which the writer has plagiarised or included some sources in the paper without acknowledging where they were acquired. In conclusion the concept of plagiarism cannot be overemphasised. It has become a factor that has affected good academic scholarship practice and has  created an avenue for educators to develop methods for detecting and dealing with plagiarism. The development of the electronic detection software such as the turnitin has enhanced the detection of plagiarism however it cannot be relied upon completely because it is not effective. In addition it is important to understand that the best way to detect plagiarism is to use both the manual method which involves educators and the use of electronic text matching software such as turnitin. Students could also be assisted in understanding the criteria for academic writing such as the code of conducts which requires them to acknowledge any source from where data is derived when writing academically. References Barrett, R. Malcolm, J. (2006) Embedding plagiarism education in the assessment process, International Journal for Educational Integrity, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 38-45. Bretag, T. and Mahmud, S. (2009) A model for determining student plagiarism: Electronic detection and academic judgement. , Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 50-60. Chao, C. , Wilhelm, W. J. , Neureuther, B. D. (2009. ) A Study of Electronic Detection and Pedagogical Approaches for Reducing Plagiarism, The Delta Pi Epsilon Journal, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 31-42. Carroll, J. and Appleton, J. (2001), Plagiarism: A good practice guide, Oxford: Oxford Brookes University. Locke, E. A, Latham, G. P (2009) Has Goal Setting Gone Wild, or Have Its Attackers Abandoned Good Scholarship? , The Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp.  17-23. Park, C. (2003). In Other (People’s) Words: plagiarism by university students—literature and lessons, Assessment Evaluation in Higher Education, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 472-488. Scaife, B (2007) IT Consultancy Plagiarism Detection Software Report for JISC Advisory Service. [Online]. Retrieved from:www. plagiarismadvice. org/documents/resources/PDReview-Reportv1_5. pdf [Accessed 24th October 2012]. Walker, J. (2010) Measuring plagiarism: researching what students do, not what they say they do, Studies in Higher Education, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 41-59.

Vertebrae Compression Fracture Due to Extra-nodal RDD Case

Vertebrae Compression Fracture Due to Extra-nodal RDD Case INTRODUCTION: RDD was first described by Destombes1 in 1965 as a rare, separate entity of benign self-limiting sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy later Rosai and Dorfman2 in 1969, confirmed it as a separate clinic-pathologic entity. Although RDD may occur in any age group, it is most frequently seen in children and young adults. Isolated intracranial disease tend to occur older patients. The disease is more common in males and in individuals of African descent . The most frequent clinical manifestations include fever, night sweats and weight with bilateral massive cervical lymphadenopathy. Mediastinal, inguinal and retroperitoneal nodes may also be involved. RDD is potentially systemic disease and may affect extra nodal sites up to 43% of all RDD patients. The common extra-nodal sites include skin, upper respiratory tract, and bone. Skeletal involvement as a sole manifestation of RDD is extremely rare, occurring in fewer than 2% of all RDD patients and arise most frequently in long b ones such as tibia, femur, humerus, clavicle and bones of the hands. CNS involvement is rare (5%), with 75% of cases involving the brain and 25% involving the spinal canal. Involvement of the CNS without concurrent nodal involvement is rare.3 Laboratory findings are non-specific with leucocytosis, neutrophil, elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hypergammaglobulinemia being the most common findings. We present a rare case of vertebrae compression fracture due to extra-nodal RDD without lymphadenopathy later developed metastases to brain. CASE REPORT: A 45 year old lady presented with h/o sudden onset of paraplegia. Work –up was done and spinal mass was found. Later the patient underwent surgical debulking to releave her symptoms. The patient gradually improved. Histopathologically it was diagnosed as RDD. The patient was symptom free for 6 months, then she developed sudden onset of seizures and lower limb weakness. MRI showed multiple cranial and spinal metastasis, following which the patient underwent craniotomy. The patient was further treated with whole brain radiotherapy of 30Gy. There was no improvement of symptoms. The patient eventually expired 6 months following the completion of radiotherapy. Discussion: RDD in its classic form is a benign, self-limiting histiocytic proliferative disorder that is characterized by massive lymphadenopathy. Most patients with RDD are in their second or third decade of life, the mean age of onset of nodal disease is about 20years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.4:1. It is commonly reported in African-Americans. The etiology of RDD remains unknown; immune system dysfunction and an autoimmune process or viral infection such as Epstein-Barr virus and human herpes virus type 6 have been attributed with the pathogenesis of RDD. The presentation of RDD can be categorised into three sub types: 1) those with only lymph nodes enlargement with sudden increase and spontaneous regression and without any further recurrences; 2) those with immunologic abnormalities at presentation have a more widespread nodal disease and a higher fatality rate4,5 ; 3) those with several extra-nodal site involvement, multi-nodal disease and a protracted clinical course with multiple relapses and remissions for years. In these cases, the severity of disease depends on the type and number of extra-nodal sites.6 Patients who present with or subsequently develop intracranial involvement, become symptomatic at a later mean age (34.9 years), with a strong male predominance.7 Involvement of CNS is rare (5%), with 75% of reported cases involving the brain and 25% involving the spinal canal. Involvement of the CNS in the absence nodal involvement is rare.3 The most common intra cranial presentation is solitary dural based lesion, but multiple intracranial lesions have also been reported. The suprasellar region, cerebral convexity, para sagittal region, cavernous sinus, and petroclival regions are most common locations.7 Only 11 cases of spinal RDD have been reported, of which 10 patients had an extra-medullary tumor. Seven patients presented with epidural lesion, three presented with intra dural lesions.8 Spinal cord compression has been reported in a few patients with spinal involvement causing neurologic deficits.9 Compression fracture due to spinal involvement of RDD has not been reported. CNS RDD is a rare benign histiocytic proliferative disorder, with imaging findings typically showing a meningioma-like, dural-based extra-axial mass lesion, which can be solitary or multiple. Imaging studies typically show an enhancing meningeal-based mass with a variable amount of edema surrounding the lesion. Skeletal involvement of RDD as a sole manifestation is extremely rare, occurs in less than 2% of all RDD patients and involves the long bones such as tibia, femur, humerus, clavicle and bones of the hands or skull, and is usually multiple. Skeletal lesions of RDD are intramedullary osteolytic with either poorly or sharply defined margins. Spinal Rosai-Dorfman disease can be misdiagnosed as meningioma when arising from dura or as metastatic disease of another cause when presenting as vertebral body disease.10 The most common differential diagnosis of a primary bone RDD includes bacterial osteomyelitis, fungal infections such as histoplasmosis and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Definitive diagnosis requires tissue examination. Microscopically, lymph node enlargement with sinuses containing prominent numbers of histiocytes with phagocytosed lymphocytes. This is a typical picture of RDD. Immunopositivity is expressed by these cells for both CD68 and S-100 protein, and negative for CD1a. RDD has a typical finding in histopathologic studies, that is emperioplesis; a phenomenon of phagocytosis of intact lymphocytes, plasma cells, erythrocytes or neutrophils.11 LCH is a close differential diagnosis both on radiology and histology. Both histiocytes of RDD and LCH are positive for CD68 and S100, but CD1a is positive in LCH. Also Langerhans cell histiocytosis does not exhibit emperioplesis. Treatment in the majority of cases is not indicated as it is a benign and self-limiting.12,13 Therapy is indicated in patients with bulky extra nodal disease with involvement of vital organs or causing life threatening complications.13 Surgical resection or debulking can be considered as an option only when the nodal mass iss compressing airway or intra dural lesion.13 When complete resection cannot be achieved, adjuvant radiosurgery can be give successful partial resection.14 Surgical excision of resectable lesions induced complete remission (CR) in 8 out of 9 patients.13 The role radiotherapy in the treatment has not been established. Various medical alternatives in the management have been tried with limited results. Short term Systemic corticosteroids and prolonged course low dose oral prednisolone has been effectively used in RDD with skin and lymph nodal involvement with respiratory obstruction.15 Steroids tend to alleviate the symptoms and decrease nodal size, recurrences have been reported following withdrawal of steroids. Chemotherapeutic agents have been used without any encouraging results. Combination chemotherapy of low dose MTX and 6-MP, MTX/6MP/vinblastine/6-thioguanine and acyclovir with thalidomide have been tried with limited benefit to patients. It is possible that different patients with RDD may respond to different drugs. Targeted therapy in the form of imatinib, interferon- ÃŽ ±, cladarabine and more recently rituximab has also been in the treatment of RDD.

Polymorphic & Cloning Computer Viruses :: essays research papers fc

Polymorphic & Cloning Computer Viruses The generation of today is growing up in a fast-growing, high-tech world which allows us to do the impossibilities of yesterday. With the help of modern telecommunications and the rapid growth of the personal computer in the average household we are able to talk to and share information with people from all sides of the globe. However, this vast amount of information transport has opened the doors for the computer "virus" of the future to flourish. As time passes on, so-called "viruses" are becoming more and more adaptive and dangerous. No longer are viruses merely a rarity among computer users and no longer are they mere nuisances. Since many people depend on the data in their computer every day to make a living, the risk of catastrophe has increased tenfold. The people who create computer viruses are now becoming much more adept at making them harder to detect and eliminate. These so-called "polymorphic" viruses are able to clone themselves and change themselves as they need to avoid detection. This form of "smart viruses" allows the virus to have a form of artificial intelligence. To understand the way a computer virus works and spreads, first one must understand some basics about computers, specifically pertaining to the way it stores data. Because of the severity of the damage that these viruses may cause, it is important to understand how anti-virus programs go about detecting them and how the virus itself adapts to meet the ever changing conditions of a computer. In much the same way as animals, computer viruses live in complex environments. In this case, the computer acts as a form of ecosystem in which the virus functions. In order for someone to adequately understand how and why the virus adapts itself, it must first be shown how the environment is constantly changing and how the virus can interact and deal with these changes. There are many forms of computers in the world; however, for simplicity's sake, this paper will focus on the most common form of personal computers, the 80x86, better known as an IBM compatible machine. The computer itself is run by a special piece of electronics known as a microprocessor. This acts as the brains of the computer ecosystem and could be said to be at the top of the food chain. A computer's primary function is to hold and manipulate data and that is where a virus comes into play. Data itself is stored in the computer via memory. There are two general categories for all memory: random access memory (RAM) and physical memory (hard and floppy diskettes).

Personal Traits

There are some traits I think they are also my weaknesses that I do not like about myself, I am not able to change them completely because they make me different from others and also defined who I am. However, I am trying to improve myself day by day to adapt, work, and communicate with others and to limit effects of these traits in my performances. These traits are trying to make anything as much perfect as I want, Judging a person by external appearances and lack of self-control.Firstly, I want anything has done as much perfect as possible, it is may be good because I can gain a lot of good feedbacks or good results but it also causes a lot of troubles for not only myself but also others. Since I expect too much so I tend to collect other works; therefore, I usually work under pressure, feeling overwhelm and depressed when the result went bad. Moreover, I usually work in team, sometime I create stressful because of my requirements. That leads some unnecessary discussions and argume nts.Hence, to improve this weakness I think I should truth in there contributions by instead of do or try to fix anything by myself, I can discuss and give some recommendations for others and lets them finished in their own ways. As the result, I can reduce the volume of my tasks, avoid unnecessary arguments, have more time and wide views to check and evaluate final performances. Secondly, I tend to Judge a new person based on their external appearances, it can prevent me from making true friends and is misleading.To avoid these mistakes, firstly, I should spend more time to know new people because different people have efferent life styles, backgrounds and believes which their appearances cannot show. Secondly, I should remind myself some mistakes that I already have because mistakes are lessons. Hence, keep in mind these lessons will help me give expectations and behavior to others in appropriate levels. Finally, I think self-control is an important point which I should improve be cause I communicate ad interact with others every day and time.Therefore, my attitude and behavior will directly affect others' Judgments about myself. When I was in a first workup at university, it was hard to make appropriate responds when I was angry. This leaded to lost friendships and stress feeling for me. To improve my self-control, I should find and remember some signals which appear before I cannot control myself, for example high temperature, or get wet at my hands. Moreover, I think that keep calm- silent in a moment before starting or continuing a discussion or argument is a good way, because I have time to think carefully and refresh my mind.This helps me o avoid letting my emotion cover my opinions and lead my actions. In conclusion, to have a happier life by reducing stress and work under pressure, I should not try to finish anything perfectly as I want, but I can ask for helps and be open minded. Moreover, to avoid and limit mistakes caused from my Judgments which ba se on other external appearances, I should spend more time to Finally, to improve my self-control, it is better to recognize and remember signals occurred when I am getting angry, and keep calm will create time for me to think carefully about my reactions.

Pediatric Acute Otitismedia Aom Health And Social Care Essay

Pediatric ague otitismedia ( AOM ) is a prevailing medical status that affects many persons. This status is treated by prescription antibiotics, which have contributedto the addition in antibiotic immune bacterium. There has been some grounds to demo that antibiotic intervention is non ever necessary for the declaration of symptoms and the remedy of the status. We propose to find the effectivity of 10-day Amoxil versus placebo in intervention of AOM. The survey design will be a randomised, dual blind, placebo controlled clinical test at paediatric and otolaryngology patterns in the Greater Philadelphia country. A sum of 400 Children between the ages of 6 months and 7 old ages will be recruited for this test. 200 participants will have antibiotic intervention, the other 200 will have placebo. The test will besides specifically evaluate intervention result in vulnerable populations, in this instance, kids less than 2 old ages of age.Specific AimsAcute otitis media is one of the most fr equent unwellnesss of early babyhood and childhood, therefore one of the most common grounds for kids to see a doctor. ( Sarrell, et al.2003 ) . A In the United States, 93 % of all kids have had at least one episode of AOM by age seven. ( Sarrell, et al.2003 ) . Antibiotics are presently the intervention of pick for AOM in about all states. A In malice of this standard intervention, grounds of their effectivity remains limited in footings of clinical betterment ( Damoiseaux, et Al. 2000 ) . In fact, several surveies have demonstrated that AOM in kids can be managed without antibiotics ( Siegel, et Al. 2003 ) . Furthermore, in past research, there have been disagreements among decisions about the effectivity of intervention with antibiotics for different age groups. A One survey stated that there was no difference between interventions in kids under the age of two compared to kids under the age of six ( LeSaux, et Al. 2005 ) . A Another survey showed age was an of import determiner o f antibiotic effectivity ( Cohen et al. , 1998 ) . These tests have found a 10-day class of Amoxil was more effectual in the intervention of kids less than two old ages of age compared to kids two old ages and older ( Cohen, et Al. 1998 ) . A Aside from incompatibilities sing optimum age for intervention, the literature is missing in surveies comparing antibiotic interventions with placebo for AOM ( McCormick, et Al. 2010 ) . The end of this survey is to turn to the deficiency of grounds sing the efficaciousness of antibiotics for intervention of AOM and the incompatibilities in literature environing the issue of optimum age for intervention. A We propose to carry on a randomized controlled test comparing the effectivity of Amoxil usage for 10 yearss compared to placebo for intervention of AOM in kids between the ages of six months and six old ages. A The undermentioned research inquiries will be addressed: 1 ) What are the differences in intervention results of aten twenty-four hours class of Amoxil compared to placebo in kids with AOM between six months and six old ages of age? A To turn to this, the PCP will prove kids at twenty-four hours two, five, and 10 of the antibiotic or placebo intervention class utilizing the standardised diagnosing tools oftympanometry and otoscopic observationA Hypothesis 1: Both the Amoxil arm and the placebo arm will bring forth the same consequences at the completion of the 10 twenty-four hours intervention period. The differences between results will be undistinguished. 2 ) What are the differences in attach toing symptoms ( febrility and hurting ) in kids utilizing antibiotics versus those utilizing placebo intervention? A This will be addressed by giving the parents journals in which they must enter the kid ‘s temperature ( A.M. and P.M. measurings ) and the disposal of anodynes throughout the twenty-four hours. A The journal will besides incorporate the FLACC hurting graduated table which is to be used before the kid goes to bed. 3 ) Do younger kids respond otherwise to antibiotics intervention than older kids? To turn to this inquiry we will statistically prove for an age class ( six months-two old ages vs. two-six old ages ) by intervention group interaction consequence. It is our long-run end to get a criterion of diagnosing for AOM research. intervention, and outcomes that will let for farther, more specific surveies in the attention for AOM.BackgroundAccuteOtitis Media ( AOM ) , otherwise known as the common otalgia, is a cardinal subscriber to pediatric health care loads and the most common ground for kids to see a doctor. The standard intervention of attention is a class of antibiotics, therefore doing AOM a outstanding subscriber to antibiotic immune bacteriums ( O'Neil ) . The in-between ear is connected to the nasopharynx by the Eustachian tubing. One of the maps of the Eustachian tubing is to run out the secernments of the interior ear into the nasopharynx ( Maxson,1996 ) . When the Eustachian tubing becomes compromised, accretion of in-between ear fluid creates an ideal environment for bacteriums growing ( Maxon, 1996 ) . As a consequence, kids suffer through the colonisation and reproduction of bacteriums, doing much hurting and annoyance. The most outstanding causative bacteriums lending to AOM are: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemopheliusinfluenzae, and Moraxellacatarrhalis ( Gould & A ; Marx, 2010 ) . Therefore, the current criterion of intervention for AOM is through antibiotic therapy ( Cohen ) . In the United States entirely, 93 % of all kids see a instance of AOM by age 3 ( Sarrel et al. , 2003 ) . This per centum does non account for reoccurring instances. The complete use of antibiotics in intervention of AOM has greatly contributed to the addition in the sum of anti-biotic immune bacteriums ( Grevers,2010 ) . The addition in antibiotic opposition has put kids at intensified hazards because there is a possibility that farther intervention with antibiotics will non bring forth a healed result ( Grevers,2010 ) . A A A A A A Otitis media is one of the most frequent diseases of early babyhood and childhood and one of the most common grounds for kids to see a doctor. A AOM is the most normally treated bacterial infection in kids ( Siegel et al.,2010 ) A Siegel references that several probes show that there is small benefit to utilizing antibiotics in most kids with AOM. A Despite ample research ( eg.McCormick et al.,2005 ; Damoieseaux et al 2000 ; Le Saux et al. , 2005 ) attending on the intervention effectivity and results of antibiotics is missing standardisation. A Though there are many research articles on the topic of Pediatric AOM, the literature fails in its consistence. A In being is an array of clinical tests that investigate different fluctuations of antibiotic use ( eg. Leach et al.,2008 ; Sarrell et al. , 2003 ; Roark & A ; Berman, 1997 ) but deficiency of survey reproduction has failed to verify the information gathered in the surveies. A Regardless, intervention of this infection accounts for & gt ; 50 % of paediatric antibiotic prescriptions and every bit much as $ 5 billion yearly in costs ( Siegel et al.,2003 ) . A Pediatric AOM affects such a legion population, that it is merely good to society of farther look into the effectivity of antibiotic usage in AOM. A A A A A A A Confounding information in the presented literature of Pediatric AOM has made it hard to sum up research in the most good and effectual intervention. A bulk of the literature compares antibiotic use to either a placebo or alternate therapy.A A part of this literature considers immediate antibiotic use versus placebo ( a representation of â€Å" alert waiting † ) ( eg.A Damoiseaux et Al. 2000 ; Siegel et Al, .2003 ; McCormick et al. , 2005 ; LeSaux et al.,2005 ) . A Other tests are presented with the focal point of high dosage antibiotic usage versus low dose antibiotic usage ( eg.Roark & A ; Berman, 1997 ) and alternate intervention use ( such as naturopathic intervention of AOM with Naturopathic Herbal Extract Ear Drops ) ( Sarrell et al.,2003 ) .A A Our literature hunt besides presented tests that investigated the differences in intervention result between different ages ( eg.Cohen et al.,1998 ; Leach et al.,2008 ) A A A A A A A A A A A Even with an array of published literature on paediatric AOM, there is a deficiency of standardisation in antibiotic dose for this medical problem.A A A Through our literature hunt, we have found that different surveies use different doses as the â€Å" current criterion of attention † .A In a aggregation of surveies, the criterion of intervention was given at assortment of doses which included: 40mg/kg/day, 50mg/kg/day, 60 mg/kg/day, 80 mg/kg/day, 90mg/kg/day ( Damoiseaux et al.,2000 ; Cohen et al.,1998 ; LeSaux et al.,2005 ; Leach et al.,2008, McCormick et al.,2005 ) .A A This makes it highly hard to compare the effectivity of intervention result between multiple surveies. A A A A A Our proposed research aims to look into and specify the difference in intervention result between antibiotic usage and no intervention in paediatric AOM. A Recently, there has been turning concern over prescription antibiotics and opposition of common bacteriums to antibiotics ( Siegal et al. , 2003 ) . A Block et al. , demonstrated that the pnuemococcal isolates from in-between ear fluids were 16 % comparatively immune and 15 % extremely immune to penicillin in kids who antecedently had AOM ( 1995 ) . A The literature is missing in research that investigates the long-run effects of early paediatric antibiotic usage. A It would be good to the paediatric population to restrict the sum of antibiotics administered in order to forestall the addition in the figure of antibiotic immune bacteriums. A A Literature Specific to Antibiotic Use There is more than one current theory for the intervention of AOM.A The first theory provinces that there is a difference between the doses of Amoxil prescribed to kids with AOM.A The high versus low dose intervention suggests that low dose intervention is merely every bit effectual as high dosage intervention ( Roark et al. , 1997 ) .A A The following theory for the best intervention of AOM is antibiotic intervention versus no intervention or placebo.A The research shows that there is more than one scheme in the attack to this theory.A The SNAP ( Safety Net Antibiotic Prescription ) attack is based on a compulsory 2 twenty-four hours waiting period before intervention ( either antibiotics or placebo ) ( Siegal et al. , 2003 ) .A The other attack is a standard antibiotic intervention versus placebo ( Le Saux et al. , 2005 ; McCormick et al. , 2005 ) .A Most research indicates that there is no difference between placebo and antibiotics ( Le Saux et al. , 2005 ; McCormick et al. , 2005 ; Siegal et al. , 2003 ) .A The concluding theory is based on the bad population, which is correlated to age.A There is a consensus that antibiotic intervention is more effectual in bad populations, largely patients under the age of two old ages old ( Cohen et al. , 1998 ; Leach et al. , 2008 ) . A Our hypothesis will try to clear up the disagreements between the current theories in order to develop a standard intervention for AOM.A The survey will include variables that deal with age, antibiotics, and placebo in order to happen a standard treatment.ATheoretical ModelMost medical intervention for paediatric AOM is given as antibiotics. LeSaux ‘s survey further explains how antibiotic therapy is debated by comparing it to watchful waiting and detecting the declaration of AOM symptoms.Watchful waiting may set kids with AOM at addition hazard for major complications, particularly for kids under 2 old ages of age ( Damoiseaux et al, 2000 ) . However, LeSaux and Damoiseaux agree t hat abuse or overexploitation of antibiotics may take to antibiotic immune bacteriums. On the other manus, their research surveies raise inquiries because of their little sample size usage to understand how Amoxil and placebo affect kids with AOM. The usage of antibiotics besides involves an fiscal position therefore, in our survey we hope to happen a standard intervention of attention in our survey. LeSaux and Damoiseaux besides discuss how their research can assist extinguish prejudices by including elaborate descriptions of their topics, applied individual clinical definition and minimized different result of the survey ( 2005,2000 ) . A A Antibiotic therapy is widely used by doctors across the universe to handle AOM, but research lacks to efficaciously mensurate reoccurrence AOM. Therefore, this federal grant will assist distinguish the antibiotic therapy attack by discoursing their disadvantages and extinguishing prejudice from old research. Alternatively of concentrating on narrow age scope and individual dose of Amoxil, we will concentrate on the differences of intervention result between kids above and under the age of 2 old ages. Finally, the primary informations gathered through the grant will lend to the standardisation of intervention for attention of AOM for different age groups. It is possible for future research to develop alternate hypothesis based on the consequences that are to be found through this clinical test. Future research will be able to spread out the theory of â€Å" alert waiting † in many age groups and prove the â€Å" standard intervention of attention † from this survey. It is our hope from the information obtained from this survey to better the intervention procedure for AOM by placing the most efficient intervention sing factors that include short-run and long-run effects, antibiotic opposition and socio-economic well being.MethodsSubject Selection & A ; Diagnostic Procedure Childs who are diagnosed with AOM in between the ages of 6 months to 7 old ages will be eligible to take part in this randomised test. The kids were determined to hold AOM by 2 processs: 1 ) tympanometry 2 ) otoscopicexamination. The undermentioned exclusion standards will be applied: Child could hold undergone antibiotic intervention during the old four hebdomads, allergic reaction to amoxicillin, compromised unsusceptibility, craniofacial defects, the tympanic membrane is non integral, and another instance of AOM within the old three months. Study Procedure If the kid met the inclusion standards, the PCP will exhaustively depict the survey process to the patient ‘s parent or defender. A At that clip the PCP will besides obtain written informed consent from the parent. A A After informed consent is assented by the parent, they will have a package with a questionnaire sing general patient information ( see appendix a ) . A The package will besides include a digital thermometer ( Lumiscope 2210-214 Quick-Read Digital Thermometer ) for which the parent must mensurate the patient ‘s organic structure temperature twice daily, one reading in the forenoon and one at dark. The temperature values will be recorded in the journal that is included in the package. A The diary entries ( see appendix B ) will incorporate a subdivision to enter organic structure temperature values, a subdivision to enter analgetic disposal, a subdivision to enter hurting degrees in the eventide, and a subdivision to notice in an open-ended mode on any import ant symptoms associated with AOM. A A TheA 10-dayA trialA ofA amoxicillinA orA placebo will be administered and started on twenty-four hours of diagnosing. A The parents are expected to maintain an adequate and up to day of the month journal of the kid ‘s intervention class. A Follow up visits will be required on yearss two, five, and 10 of the test with the kid ‘s well-thought-of PCP. A A The PCP will measure the same measurings taken at the baseline visit ( tympanometry and otoscopic observation ) . A The household will be rewarded $ 20, $ 30, and $ 50 for each follow up visit, severally. A On the 10th twenty-four hours of the test at the follow up visit, the journal will be collected and the parents will be asked to make full out a intervention class contemplation ( appendix degree Celsius ) . A Parents or guardiansA can reach the survey central office or their referred PCP office anytime with inquiries sing the survey or to describe any terrible inauspicious event ( s ) , such as concern, febrility, sickn ess, hurting, or any other types of status. A On twenty-four hours 10, they will turn in the package including the parent journal to the PCP. Data Collection Instruments In the diagnostic and follow up stage of this test, tympanometry and otoscopic rating will be used to corroborate the presence of AOM and to follow its patterned advance through out the intervention class. Otoscopic rating will attach to tympanometry in the diagnostic processeand follow up steps. Otoscopic scrutiny will be the first measure in the diagnosing procedure. The scrutiny allows the PCP to visually corroborate the presence of AOM. The PCP will be looking for purulent in-between ear gush. In order to corroborate AOM quanitavelytympanogram steps will be used. Tympanometry is the noninvasive procedure of mensurating the comparative air force per unit area of the in-between ear. It is able to mensurate the squeezability of the air in the in-between ear ( Johansen ) . If the squeezability is minimum, it is assumed that the in-between ear pit is filled with fluid. Babies and little kids can present as a challenge when seeking to accurtely name due to rapid motions and shouting. D espite this, Palmu identifies the cogency of utilizing the tympanometry trial through his survey that showed that tympanometric measuring was successful in 94 % of babies that were tested ( 1999 ) . The parent journals will incorporate the FLACC ( Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consulibility ) ( Appendix C ) pain scale to be filled out day-to-day before anodynes are administered. FLACC is an experimental tool to quantify hurting. Each of the 5 symptoms is graded on a graduated table of 0-2, with a entire possible mark runing from 0-10. Manworren ‘s survey confirmed that the FLACC hurting graduated table is appropriate for mensurating preverbal kids in hurting from diseases ( 2003 ) . Voepel ‘s survey confirmed the cogency of the FLACC hurting graduated table by demoing distinguishable differences mark differences in pre/post analgetic disposal. The survey besides showed first-class dependability through exact understanding and kappa statistics ( 2010 ) . Data Management At the initial visit and all following visits to the physician ‘s office, an employee will come in the patient information into the on-line database. The information from the parent journals will all be transferred into the on-line database after entry at the terminal of the test. All informations entered into the on-line database will merely be accessible to those who have a user login and watchword to the plan. All informations that is handled by the PCP or our research squad will be kept confidential. It is to the parent ‘s arrested development to find how confidential they will maintain the journals during the intervention class.Statistical AnalysisIn order to analyse our information we will utilize the PSAW statistical plan, version 18.A This is the most up to day of the month version of the former SPSS program.A This plan includes the statistical trials that are relevant to our analysis. A A To measure the information we will utilize a qi square trial with a logisti c regression.A The qi square trial is an appropriate trial because the information that will be used is at the nominal degree, which is nonparametric.A Besides, our informations is reciprocally sole, in that each patient will be assigned to merely one group. We will measure with a 2Ãâ€"2 eventuality tabular array, comparing treated and non treated to antibiotic intervention and placebo with a 95 % assurance interval.A The logistic arrested development will be used to find if the age of the patient will impact the result of the treatment.A It will demo the most likely anticipation of a group.A This will unclutter up any disagreement if placebo or antibiotics are the best intervention option between patients less 30 months of age and 30-72 months.A AResearch TimelineThis survey does non hold a definite length due to our end to widen the survey until 400 survey participants are involved in the test. We will end the test at 5 old ages irrespective of the achieved participant survey pop ulation. In order to maintain standardisation amongst take parting PCP ‘s, we will keep quarterly visits to verify that the PCPs are following protocol. Once an person is enrolled in this survey ; it will necessitate 10 yearss of engagement. The participant will get down the intervention on twenty-four hours of registration and diagnosing. On the 2nd, 5th, and 10th twenty-four hours of the test, the participants must describe for a cheque in. If the participant suffers from any inauspicious events after the completion of the test, we encourage the parent to describe them.DecisionAfter the completion of the research survey we will anticipate to happen no important difference between antibiotic and placebo intervention of AOM.A These findings will lend to regenerating intervention criterions for the AOM. By extinguishing the demand of antibiotics in certain populations, it will assist to diminish the turning figure of antibiotic resistantbacteria. These findings will besides ext inguish some health care costs by eliminating the demand to buy antibiotics.A These findings will assist specify a criterion of pattern for doctors and other attention suppliers which will lend to the well-being of society.