Allergic Asthma Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Allergic Asthma - Case Study ExampleIn 2001, 73 people per 1000 were diagnosed to have chronic sensitized asthma with the help of the medical passkey this is current prevalence of allergic asthma. What is more interesting to note, is that the prevalence of allergic asthma among minorities is disproportionably higher than among the indigene population. This may be explained by the social conditions, which often define the general state of health and resistant system among patients from ethnic minorities. Asthma was also one of the leading diagnoses in the hospitalizations, and its morbidity was equal to 1.6 per 100,000 of the indispensable population. Thus, accounting the noted information the importance and relevance of the present discussion is not under any(prenominal) doubt. (Adams, Smith & Ruffin, 2001)first of all, the process of diagnosis and its confirmation is clinical, and there are no blood tests, histopathological or radiographic investigations which can be performed to confirm the suggested asthma.Mrs. H addressed the doctor for medical assistance in 2004. ... sence of wheeze during these periods were the signs of the asthma, but for the reasons of her addressing the medical establishment with this problem for the first time, there had been no previous notes in relation to her state. She was 29, and she had used to have such health problems for about 10 years before, but with the exacerbations notch quickly and with long breaks she didnt see the reason for serious medication. Mrs Hs family history stated that her some(prenominal) parents had chronic allergic rhinitis. Mrs H herself noted that tobacco smoke worsened her state, as well as dust inhaling she had neer smoked herself. Her social status was favorable, and her profession was accounting, thus she used to work with papers which could often be the sources of dust. She didnt have any signs of breath difficulties after use of aspirin or other medicines. Wheeze was divided but was becom ing more frequent.It is useful to remember, that the symptoms of allergic asthma may sometimes be mingled with the other symptoms, which may make the diagnosis doubtful or wrong if the patient has difficulties in external respiration without wheeze, fixed wheeze, or mentions the weight loss, the chest X-ray is recommended for the determining of the exact diagnosis, which in such fictional character may be either COPD, or tumor, bronchiectasis, etc. As for the family history in diagnosing allergic asthma, it is one of the most important risk factors to account when diagnosing any allergic diseases asthma is linked to both parental and sibling history. The strongest association is with maternal atopy. (British Thoracic Society, 1997) Diagnosis of asthma with the account of theoretical intimacyBearing in mind that Mrs H didnt have any additional symptoms which could make the diagnosis doubtful, she was asked to

Field Report on Hopwood Motorway Service Area . Sustainability Coursework - 1

Field Report on Hopwood Motorway go Area . Sustainability - Coursework ExampleI noted that the peak flow and the concentration of pollutants in both weewee and sediments collected from the management train at Hopwood have recorded a downward trend (Motorway function Online, 2013 1). The sediments were received into the watercourse (Booth, et al., 2012 244). Booth et al. (2012 244) say that the Hopwood motorway service contains SUDS trains that administer vehicle parking, agreeableness and petroleum supply areas, as well as adit road network, ponds and filter strips. During the fieldwork, I find that the motorway service also has swales, porous paving and swamplands (Booth, et al., 2012 244).Conclusively, having conducted the field survey, the Service area must forever be monitored to control the chemicals emitted from the pond. In an event that the wetlands are not well monitored, the wildlife may have access to contaminated water from the service

Psychology at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Psychology at Work - act ExampleThe value of well-being programmes as an organisational investing is explored in this study. Reference is made, as an example, to the case of BGL Group. The limited firm is well established in the UK market, being involved in the provision of insurance and ratified services. The firm has emphasized on the well-being of its employees so that their motivation and commitment to the organisation are secured. The examine of the elements and the effects of this programme can hep to understand whether much(prenominal) programmes could be a good investment for organisations in the modern market.The well-being programme of BGL Group will be checked and evaluated using the concepts of hightail it psychology as included in relevant literature, with particular reference to the mould of Anna Sutton. As a theoretical framework work psychology is rather wide, being able to incorporate different themes, such as psychopathology and organisational development ( Sutton, 2014 6-7). Various approaches have been used for describing work psychology. According to one of these views, the work psychology facilitates change towards improved work and working conditions (Milward, 2005 1). From another point of view, work psychology aims to pull up stakes to managers necessary information in regard to the application of psychological principles to running a business (Hodson, 2014 6). In any case, work psychology has to support organisational development. This fact indicates the close relationship between work psychology and organisational change (Sutton, 2014). It should be noted that work psychology can be related to different priorities, depending on the geographical area involved in USA the limitation of costs is of primary importance turn for firms based in UK work psychology would be most related to the increase of firms profitability (Sutton, 2014 10). The stake approach will be

Leadership for Performance Improvement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

leaders for Performance Improvement - Essay ExampleThis paper seeks to reveal the effects of this entrepreneurial and leadership preference on firm and individual performance through motivation.The organisation, in the modern day context, has become a body that is made up of its benevolent resource and the quality that this resource base imbibes into the operational celestial orbit of the organisation. (Silberman, 2006) The modern day organisation depends to a great extent on the contribution and quality of its benignant capital. (Enos, 2007) The human capital may be defined as that element of the organisations operational sphere that is a living, breathing part of the activities that put the innate resources and factors of production into application. This application results in profits arising out of the activities of the human capital and the efficiency with which this resource carries out its tasks. (Ellis, 2003) This in turn, has a bearing on the achievement of the organisat ions goals in the sense that the organisation is structured according to the quality of the HR within it. Also, it shows the principles that are followed by the focus in manning the organisation.

Gilmans Theory and Women in Patriarchy vs. Marxs Theory and Workers in Essay

Gilmans Theory and Women in Patriarchy vs. Marxs Theory and Workers in Capitalism - Essay ExampleAlthough Gilman claimed to be a humanist, she practically worked extensively to give modern feminist movement ample sociological grounds (Ritzer 2011 Allen 2009). Research Question Comp be and contrast Gilmans theory as to the oppression of women in patriarchy with Marxs theory as to how and why workers are oppressed under(a) capitalism. What similarities do you see in their arguments? What are the differences in these two theories of oppression? Gilmans Theory and Women in Patriarchy Gilmans most effective and powerful scholarly work in the realm of sex and sexuality studies are perhaps her famous book Women and Economics A Study of the Economic likeness betwixt Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution (Gilman 1898). In this work, she has critically utilized Darwinism in a more socially constructive way and attempted to explain the intricacies of relationships between man and w oman. She raised a question about not only the origins of humankind but excessively about the origins of gender roles, so as to find out that why domestic duties have been contract for women in general in all cultures and societies. She formulated an economic explanation of domestic economy. According to Gilman (1898), traditionally a woman was subjugated to use her sex organs as assets on which she could further beach to impress her husband and get money to support herself and her children. So marriage is actually an arrangement of some(prenominal) sexual and economic subjugation of women in the male-dominated society. Relatively recently, scholars like MacKinnon (1982) also appear to be endorsing a similar perspective by claiming that womens sexuality is not womens own. Marxs Theory and Workers in Capitalism According to Marx, the industrial capitalist society is clearly divided into two circlees, where one pattern controls the means of production and the other class serves as workers. Oppression arises from the fact that the state becomes a managing charge of the holders of the means of production. And in answering the question that why the workers are finally at the losing side, Marx holds that lack of semipolitical organization coupled with a powerful capitalist police state is responsible for the fact that the workers are finally at the receiving end of the system. (Brown 2012 MacKinnon 1982) Consequently, the working class is subjugated both politically and economically. The working class has to work hard and produce all the goods and products necessary for modern society. But they are so engaged with their economic plight that they are compelled to tolerate underpayment and injustice. In this way, they are alienated from their products and the surplus is accumulated by the rich landlords and factory owners.

Differences Between Two Author Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Differences Between Two Author - Essay Exampleigh school clinics saw somewhat 150 slicknesss of sexually transmitted diseases like condyloma, chlamydia, and the better-known gonorrhea and syphilis (Quindlen). Although Quindlen supports the practice of free watchword between pargonnts and young deal concerning sex and the value of abstinence, many families have unfortunately took the matter for granted. She cites the case of a girl who broke her leg jumping out an apartment window because her mother gear up her birth control pills, seized her by the throat and said, according to the kid, I brought you into the world I can worry you out of it (Quindlen).On the other hand, conservative commentator Rush Limbaugh took a firm stand against the diffusion of condoms in public schools by stressing the values of celibacy. He asserts that parents have a responsibility to protect their children from vulnerable sex. Thus, to prove his point, he came up with questions such as doesnt it mak e sense to be honest with kids and spot them the best thing they can do to avoid AIDS or any of the other inapplicable consequences is to abstain from sexual intercourse? (Limbaugh) Limbaugh argues that providing young people with condoms is somehow giving them a free get to that it is perfectly acceptable to have sex at their age something that he believes is causing the skewed deterrent example and ethical directions (Limbaugh) that American kids have been following. He further argues by questioning the liberals assumption that young people will simply have sex regardless of how theyre educated. Sarcastically, he points out that kids are acquittance to smoke, too, we cant stop them, so lets provide packs of low-tar cigarettes to the students for their after-sex smoke (Limbaugh).The fact is that the positions taken by both commentators are rooted in good intentions, but more importantly, in reality. Limbaugh is right to emphasize the role of parents in the sexual education of their children. Parents should be more

Analysis of a cultural or MICE sector organisation Essay

Analysis of a cultural or MICE sector presidential term - Essay Example commonly planned well in advance and aimed at achieving a accepted corporate, social, political or cultural purpose among many other purposes (Hass et al, 2008). attention educators propose the use of Events Industry as an overall term to represent the wide scope of works under this industry (Brotherton & Wood, 2008). The organizers or firms in this industry offer meeting and conferencing support equipment, catering services, accommodation facilities, transport facilities, training, and so oftentimes more that is akin to services in the hospitality industry.A large number of MICEs components be comprehensively understood, except for incentives which is least understood by many. Incentive tourism is commonly undertaken as an employee reenforce scheme by organizations as a form of employee reward by companies for targets achieved and success in work. Thus, MICE tourism is, many at times, purely conducted for entertainment purposes rather than educational or superior purposes. This industry usually includes well planned agendas focused on specific topics or themes, such as trade and professional organizations, educational topics or special interest groups. Bidding for MICE events usually occurs long prior to the events. This obligate reviews a specific firm in this industry deep down the United Kingdom (U.K) merchandise. The firm under highlighting is the U.K based AVC Productions limited (AVC Productions, 2011). This article evaluates the political partys products and services as well as structure, organization, mickle and mission of the company. Furthermore, of interest will also be its special focus area or market niche in the industry. The study will also include an analysis that will look into the companys strategy in order to identify how it competitively strategizes and positions itself within the United Kingdom market. The article will also carry out an analytical review o f the company and its position and performance within the industry through common analytical

Explanation of Berkeley's Critique of the Lockean Notion of Substratum Essay

Explanation of Berkeleys Critique of the Lockean Notion of Substratum - Essay Exampletheir molecular configuration or structure. Observing thus the mind was naturally led to the opinionion of a secular substratum as something which underlay and supported the sensory qualities which were now perceived and known the supposed, but unknown support of those qualities single found existing, which one could not imagined to exist sine re substante ( Locke, Essay).Thus Locke hold to the view that material substances were the ontological correlates of logical subjects - they are the things which possess qualities, such as space, shape and motion. On the other hand Locke himself had agreed that if an attempt was made to abstract from our ideas of these qualities, one was left with barely an enigmatic notion of a substratum. unless Locke insisted that this substratum alone unified and integrated the qualities instantiated in it. Moreover, he also held that the real essences of objects, i ncapable of being apprehend by the human mind, determine the structure of all complexes of qualities and are situated in the indeterminate substratum. They could only be understood by a being with adequate, superhuman faculties. Lockean view held that normal humans comprehend things as they systematically appear to them, conditioned by their perceptions things as they actually are intrinsically lie beyond the confines of normal human intellect.Berkeley thought Lockean viewpoint offered much scope for skepticism. He understood clear that once the real goes beyond the reach of all possible experience then skepticism began. The concept of material substance precisely left one skeptic. Berkeley instead put forward a metaphysical analysis of what it meant to state that a physical object existed. This analysis was an alternative Lockes skeptic concept of the material substratum. Berkeleys hypothesis also doubled up as a neo-phenomenalist reduction of physical objects into complexes of ideas, which Berkeley believed ran along side the parkland sense perception of the nature of the physical world. Berkeley took an anti-skeptical stance that the real world is directly encountered in perception, and that our experience of this world is direct and non-inferential. However if what one perceives directly is the real and objective world, and we immediately perceive only our own ideas, then it follows logically that our ideas are constitutive of reality, and are not, as was Lockean stance, merely representative of reality. It is master(prenominal) to see that both Locke and Berkeley believed that our entire conceptual framework was derived entirely from experience, however Berkeley argued if Lockean material substance is indeterminate and metaphenomenal, then there can be no concept of material substance, and the assertion that such a substance or substratum exists becomes, empirically meaningless.Berkely further argued that objective world of physical objects is very r eal. corporeal objects cannot be analyzed in Lockean terms as complexes of qualities supported by an underlying substratum they are rather composites of the sincere ideas acquired in their perception.In short, for

The Parior and The Cub Scout Pack Cause Studies Assignment

The Parior and The Cub vigil Pack Cause Studies - Assignment ExampleThe theory seeks to establish a balance between the employee and the employer to this heart and aids in the development of a strong bond and working relation between the twain parties that will sustain for a longer period and ensure that proper working relationship leads to happiness on both ends. The employer obtains the necessary service they need from the employees who to a fault provide the employer with the service expecting a wages as a reward for their hard work. These results base majorly on the motivation aspect of the employees and leads to better decisions in managing employees. Relating to the theory by Adam, subtle factors and some that may vary over time affect an employees consideration of the relationship they share with the employer and could result into challenges in working together leading to fai direct relationships that will also lead to poor returns for the company. Employees become much de-motivated considering their inputs and the outputs. They become affected mentally if their inputs fail to reach their outputs that may lead to the development of resistance in the employees, disgruntled associations develop with less efforts used by employees in their work environment. These may also lead to industrial actions that may result from the de-motivation aspect that may font more losses to the company.In the case of McCarthy, reducing costs in favor of his income was for the best of the brass making it more profitable with fewer costs as the agreement between him and Purvis. The agreement led to the development of a program that would terminally increase the earnings of the employee through cutting costs. The employee changed meet suppliers and worked towards the heavy of the general costs through reduction of the size of nearly every item on the menu. McCarthy did this in favor of the reduced costs that resulted. The actions

The mystery of the Most Holy Trinity is the central mystery of Essay

The mystery of the Most Holy triplet is the central mystery of Christian faith and life. It is the mystery of paragon in himself. It is in that respectfore the source of al - Essay ExampleThe triad denotes the unity of the Godhead as one Being but having three Persons God the set out, God the intelligence, and God the Holy Spirit. The doctrine of the Trinity apart from being the central doctrine of the Catholic Church, also holds an all-important(prenominal) place in the history of the Christian Church as a whole. In the Council of Nicaea (325 AD) the matter of the Trinity was reaffirmed by the Church as the fundamental doctrine of the Christian faith, hence rejecting the teachings of Arianism that held that since Jesus was begotten of the Father, He is not of equal status in divinity but was a created being. Arianism also held that since Jesus was created, He was not co-eternal with the Father. The Athanasian creed that proceeded from the decision of the Council of Nicaea af firmed the doctrine of the Trinity. It succinctly states in its relevant part and thenAnd the Catholic Faith is this, that we worship one God in Trinity and Trinity in Unity. uncomplete con appointing the Persons, nor dividing the Substance. For there is one Person of the Father, another of the Son, and another of the Holy Ghost. But the Godhead of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy Ghost is all One, the Glory Equal, the Majesty Co-Eternal.Though the word Trinity does not search in the Bible, the doctrine of the Trinity is based on biblical provisions both in the stark naked Testament and the Old Testament. Perhaps, the clearest reference to the doctrine of the Trinity in scripture can be found in Matthew 2819 Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.The Old Testament gives a glimpse of the doctrine of the Trinity in Genesis 126 Then God said, Let Us make man in Our image and in Genesi s 116-7 And the Lord said, Come, let Us go down and there confuse their language The singularity of the Godhead is made

Issues in Secondary Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Issues in Secondary Education - Essay ExampleThis stage, which is preceded by the Concrete Operational stage, begins more(prenominal) or less at age 11, which is beginning of puberty and continues well into adulthood. (Abbeduto, 2006, 131)This stage is characterized by erudition of the ability to think abstractly and draw conclusions from the information available. This stage is also important to our topic, because the students are incoming puberty around this time, which leads them to many questions about themselves and their bodies further leading to questions about just who they think they are. consort to Erik Erikson, there are eight stages of human development. Along with the stages themselves, Erikson also states that a psychosocial crisis occurs during each of the stages for this stage, the psychosocial crisis is titled individuality versus role confusion. As stated by Erikson, this stage is when the adolescent student becomes concerned with how they appear to others. som e adolescents ask themselves Who am I? Where am I going in life?, and confusion occurs because of the cognitive and bodily changes happening to the learner. Peer groups also play a role in this stage, because they affect who a student thinks they are too. (Blair, 2006, 53) The confusion of trying to decide what peer group you fit into exacerbates the possible individuality crisis.At last is Abraham Maslow, with his Hierarchy of requirements. At the same time, when above-mentioned theorists talked about various stages of development, Maslows theory is a little bit different his theory explains that regardless of the age of a person, everyone is willing to have their requirements fulfilled. (Cooper, P. & Mcintyre, 2008, 383) The requirements that meet the most to this topic are the Belonging and the Esteem Requirements.

Macroeconomic Policies of UK Government in Achieving Objective of Low Essay

Macroeconomic Policies of UK Government in Achieving clinical of Low Inflation - Essay ExampleMills argue that the United Kingdom has over the age had elabo localize st roamgies to counter elevated inflation the strategy targets the underlying rate of inflation (112). This strategy is reassert because besides helping to control the level of inflation, it is also instrumental in checking the interest rate and the sell legal injury powerfulness. In a contract to maintain a down in the mouth level of inflation, the government has to ask with the unemployment in the economy. Currently, the rate of unemployment in the United Kingdom is 7%, spot the inflation rate is 2.7% (Gordon 220). This rate of unemployment is not badly off as it shows that United Kingdoms economy is at sound full employment. High unemployment levels have adverse social and economic cost to the economy. Unemployed have low purchasing power, hence the rate of consumption is low (Gordon 220). The other charac teristic of unemployed is that unemployed stack lose their skills and morale with time hence becoming less productive in the economy. The government is make to incur extra public expenditure to provide social benefits to the unemployed population. Finally, the adverse effect of high employment rate is that it results in increased cases of social evils such as crime, prostitution, and vandalism. In a bid to cushion the economy from inflation, the United Kingdoms government permits some level of inflation in the economy. dramatic a balance between inflation and unemployment brings about the concept of Philipss curve. Philips curve suggests that there exists a trade-off between inflation and unemployment. As the UK government tries to thwart inflation, the rate of unemployment also goes up as shown in Figure 1. This is the case because the two macroeconomic elements have opposing... This paper analyzes the complex interrelationships between current sets of macroeconomic policies i n order to achieve opposing planned objectives of low inflation, employment and growth rate. In a bid to maintain a low level of inflation, the government has to contend with the unemployment in the economy.Striking a balance between inflation and unemployment brings about the concept of Philipss curve. Philips curve suggests that there exists a tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. As the UK government tries to thwart inflation, the rate of unemployment also goes up. This is the case because the two macroeconomic elements have opposing fiscal and monetary policies that are used to fight them. Inflation requires contractionary economic policies while unemployment requires expansionary fiscal policies. During high inflation, the government is forced to reduce public expenditure and increase the interest rate to reduce the money supply in the economy.However, when the government reduces the amount of public expenditures or the interest rate, the level of employment will go down .The most practical level of inflation and unemployment should be 3% this scenario fashion that the economy is at near full employment, and the prices of goods and services are stable judging by the consumer index price. The bank of England is responsible for ensuring that UKs economy attain sound macroeconomic levels in terms of price stability, full employment, economic growth and equilibrium in the balance of payment.

Eastern European Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Eastern European Studies - move ExampleIt also has practical implications for the lives of citizens of these countries, whose future depends on the development of democracy backed by a robust judicial system. Constitutional reform or engineering toward this end is a daunting depute and archaean signs of this experiment have shown disappointing results1. This essay will take an in-depth look into factors that are keeping back constitutional engineering in the Eastern European bloc and especially focus on how the Soviet legacy is still influencing crucial areas of reform. The ongoing transformation from state communism to a free-market scotch system in Eastern European countries is unprecedented in its scope and wide-ranging in its impact. attached that communism radically altered major institutions in these countries, it should come as no surprise that the early stages of the reform process have not been fruitful. Since economic growth is a key indicator of a stable constitution al structure, it is instructive to look into this facet of a nations health. It turns out that the degree of economic densification is larger than what was predicted by analysts. This trend can be observed in the republics of former U.S.S.R as well. For example, With the cardinal caveat that the rise in private sector activity may not be richly captured in the official statistics, the drop in output in the region since 1989 is now estimated to have reached 20 percent, and for some countries it has exceeded 35 percent. There has been some progress in the implementation of reforms in Eastern Europe, moreover the supply response thus far has been limited. Signs of a bottoming out of the contraction can be discerned in some countries, but further output losses may yet be in store. In the republics of the former U.S.S.R., the reform process has barely started. 2 The transformation from communism to democracy involves radical cash in ones chips of former authoritarian institutions. Hence, political commentators were under no illusion about the turbulences it is going to involve. Already, in the twenty years since the collapse of the Soviet Union, three former communist countries of the union have seen political upheavals. The go alteration threw out Eduard Shevardnadze in Georgia and brought to power a 36-year-old lawyer from New York. The Orange Revolution that followed in 2004 handed power to Viktor Yushchenko, who is known to have the backing of Washington. Yushchenkos election victory was disputed by the opposition party and he narrowly escaped an assassination bid as well. Similarly, the Tulip Revolution of 2005 in Kyrgyzstan removed dictatorial president Askar Akayev (who eventually took refuge in neighbouring Russia) and in his stead brought the opposition drawing card to power, whose election rhetoric was centred on constitutional reform. These examples show the magnitude of the task of bringing democracy to the region which has not yet come out fro m the communist hangover. At first these so-called revolutions were hailed in the western press as the beginning of a new era of prosperity and progress for these countries. But the truth is far from this idealization. These three revolutions are now recognized as total failures. In fact, no voguish heroes rose from the grass roots, swept into power by a newly robust civil night club

Econometrics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Econometrics - Assignment ExampleThe least squ ares data processor bMC is not consistent in this case since at that place exists autocorrelation between the independent varying and the error term ui i.e. i.e. the disturbances are pairwise correlated. This is referred to as autocorrelated disturbances.b) You have data on the variables Y , X, W and Z. The variable Z satisfies the exogeneity condition and the relevance condition . You decide to estimate feigning (3) using the instrumental variables method. Is the instrumental variables estimator bIV consistent in this case? Explain your answer.The instrumental variable estimator bIV is consistent in this case since the instrumental variable is uncorrelated with the error term though there exists a correlation between it with the exogenous variable.c) You have data on the variables Y, X and Z, except you dont have data on W. The variable Z satisfies the exogeneity condition and the relevance condition . You decide to withdraw the v ariable W from the regression and to estimate the model using the instrumental variables method.The instrumental variable estimator bIV is inconsistent in this case for the conformity in the instrumental variables Zi and Wi should be correlated. In this given case, the conditions for consistency have not been met hence leading the instrumental variables estimator bIV to be inconsistent.i) What is the interpretation of this value of the J statistic? Do we reject the hypothesis of exogeneity of the variables Z1 and Z2? (you will need to look at the critical values in the table for the distribution of to answer this question).The interpretation for the J statistic is that that all instruments are uncorrelated with ui. With the value of J statistics being 15.7, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude either one or more of the instruments are invalid or that the structural model is specified incorrectlyThe p-value of the coefficient of incomehi is less than 5% significance take (p-v alue=0.000

International Security in an Era of Globalization Research Paper

International protective covering in an Era of Globalization - Research Paper ExampleSecurity is one of the challenges that have continued to face different countries across the globe and this has led to the development of a common approach by different countries. The United States and countries in the European Union have in past collaborated in the fight against terrorism and cybercrime by sharing essential intelligent information that has aid in forestalling serious terrorist attacks. Achieving this progress has been possible due to the advances that have been made in globalization front that has brought countries together and led to the development of a common ground and cultural integration. Globalization and democratization therefore have an intimate linkage that has seen each contribute to the development of the other.The process of globalization has created massive changes to different aspects of leadership and governance in the world. Through globalization, geographical se parated countries have been brought together and provided way with a common operation. However, the advances in globalization have also led to the separation of some countries and this has contributed to involution among countries that previously had cordial relationships. One of the quite visible change that globalization has created in different separate of the world is the change in the political culture of different countries around the globe. Through globalization, democratization, a utilise that was commonly perfected by the western countries has been spread to other countries across the globe (Wunderlich, 2013).After the vulgarization of globalization by economists in the 1960s, the need for countries to open up its borders for other countries increased and this led to the egress of multinationals, international human rights organisations and bodies tasked with promoting democracy and the protection of human rights. The impacts of globalization on the democratization proc ess

Performance - Dance Essay Example for Free

Performance Dance EssayThis evaluative essay go forth explore why the trip the light fantastic piece Twilight choreographed by Sarah Boulter and performed by Grace, Jessie, heathland and Nick, should be chosen in the Empire Theatre Youth Arts Showcase. This piece is an with child(p) example of coeval leap and by far the perfect choice for the showcase, as it distinctly follows the selected criteria addicted by the committee. These are that it distinctly exhibits the lineaments of contemporary dance, has a clear intention and is extremely entertaining to watch. The characteristics of contemporary dance are clearly evident in the doing of Twilight. One evident characteristic in this piece is the use of Gravity (Rise and Fall) which is shown in a lot of movements. This is identified when each phallic lifts his female partner of the ground and the female performs a high kick into a split position, indeed back up again. In extension to this, flexed feet movements are inc luded and shown when at the very start of the dance all four of the dancers perform their own movements/mini sequence for about 8 seconds in the core of the stage, facing towards the audience.Movements include leaps, high kicks, jumps and tumbling. Finally the dancers perform movements in parallel, which are seen when they position themselves in a diamond shape in the centre of the stage, facing the audience and perform the same energetic and percussive runnel, lifting and leaping movements at the same time, across the stage at high and medium level. Sarah Boulters dance sequence Twilight clearly tells the story of 4 vampires that are in battle.This is shown through the females short, dark, ripped dresses and the males long black, ripped capes and pants. It is also highlighted by the fast, upbeat and loud tempo in the medicine as well as the lyrics We will be Victorious, which reveal that they are fighting and will win. The intention of the dance piece was also shown through the m ovement elements. The 4 dancers begin walking brush up a flight of stairs into a horizontal line, facing the audience. Each dancer thus breaks into an soul routine, showing their battle moves.In addition to this, the dancers are also seen running around the stage in a circular formation, then breaking into a straddle leap across the stage, onto the ground. Finally, at the destination of the dance all 4 dancers are seen in a different pose, then all move to the ground. This shows that they had either been defeated or were worn out and tired. After reading the above statements the intention has clearly been successfully conveyed to the audience in both(prenominal) a exiting and ingenious manner.In my opinion Twilight was both an entertaining and creative dance piece to watch. This is achievable by including the amazing use of many lifts, jumps and vary floor patterns. The choreographer also included a lot of movement elements that the dancers did in unison. An example of lifts was when all dancers were in a square shape, and then the 2 females and 2 males branched off into couples. Each couple were then seen to do a lift, down into side splits then up again. Another great element in this piece was the veritable use of jumps and leaps.This was seen at the start of the dance, when all of the dancers bunched up together and one of the females stood up on both of the males backs, jumped up and then landed on the males, they then all collapsed to the ground. Finally the miscellaneous floor patterns showed many outstanding shapes and levels, which was seen when each dancer ran round the stage and zigzagged through each other. hence it is extremely clear that this dance piece is amazingly entertaining and creative to watch.In conclusion, I deal that it is extremely clear that the dance piece Twilight choreographed by Sarah Boulter and danced by Grace, Jesse, Nick and Heath should be included in the Empire Theatres Youth Arts Showcase. This piece should be ch osen as it clearly addresses the selected criteria supplied by the committee. The characteristics of contemporary dance are clearly highlighted through the use of Flexed Feet, Gravity (Rise and Fall) and Parallel Movements.These merchant ship be seen when the dancers perform movements on different levels, as well as the use of energetic running in parallel and suspended leaps and lifts with flexed feet. The intention of the dance was clearly conveyed through the costumes which showed their characters. Finally the dance was amazingly entertaining to watch. The use of exciting level, directions and floor patterns kept the audience entertained and intrigued, so did the marvellous performance skills of the dancers. Consequently it is clear that this dance piece is the perfect choice for the showcase and therefore should be chosen.

Good vs evil in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Good vs criminal in Shakespeares Macbeth EssayThe piece of cake Macbeth is a very tragic one. It is somewhat the downfall of a hero who is led by temptation to mass murder and cruelty. Shakespeare uses various styles and techniques to scupper very evidently how Macbeths character develops as the story progresses, and thus we wait on how Macbeth turns from right(a) to evilness, from a intrepid cousin and worthy gentleman to a bloody exactlycher. The play tells the story of how a noble warrior, Macbeth, descends into evil after meeting with three witches magical beings who prophesy Macbeths destiny. He is told he will become tycoon of Scotland, and this idea of gaining power leads him to murder the top executive, take his throne and and then continue his murder spree on seemingly whoever he feels like. Eventually Macbeth is bump off and order is restored in Scotland. From the very start we take up more and more come to abhor Macbeth, however, we cannot help but fe el a certain admiration for him. But very much more we have a sense of irony and waste irony because some sterling qualities have been put to such evil use, waste because Macbeth was a potentially great man who was lost.. Macbeth is a play concerned wholly with the battle between good and evil throughout the play we continually see signs of a supernatural struggle between the two, with evil winning over good when Macbeth murders the king, but then good finally defeating evil when Macbeth is slain. In fact, in the very opening scene we see signs of supernatural happenings and evil the witches F post is foul and foul is fair Hover through the fog and filthy air here(predicate) we see that, to the witches, what is evil is good (foul is fair) and what is good they find repulsive (fair is foul).This seems to be their attitude to life, but it could also be a warning to the audience that things to follow are not what they tycoon seem. The prime(prenominal) we hear of Macbeth is with praises to his name. He is called brave Macbeth, valiant cousin and worthy gentleman, fighting a war for God, king and country. For brave Macbeth well he deserves that name Disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel, Which smoked with bloody execution However, it is in scene common chord that good and evil collide, when Macbeth meets with the witches.Some say that this is the beginning of Macbeths downfall, as in his first soliloquy he has already geeght of the idea of murdering his king. This small seed planted in his mind will curtly sprout and he will indeed commit treason. Already, the audience loses their adoration for Macbeth as we see his noetic frailty and evil intention. The question at hand is what Macbeth should do is he determined on evil intent or is divine intervention the answer? He contemplates this, and decides that it is not worthwhile to throw everything out for one guilty conscience, instead the solution is murder.We are soon introduced to chick Macbe th, and it becomes clear that she is the ambition, the driving force, back tooth her husband. To Lady Macbeth, her husband is brave, loving, ambitious yet he is too noble to fulfil the third prophesy. Lady Macbeth then calls upon evil spirits to make her ruthless so she can kill Duncan. Come you spirits, That tip on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the top toe- dependable Of direst cruelty make thick my blood. by and by reading the permitter, she already has a plan brewing. However, she fears Macbeths nature.yet I do fear thy nature, it is too full othmilk of human kindness, Thou wouldst be great, Art not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it, What thou wouldst highly, that wouldst thou holily wouldst not play false, And yet wouldst wrongly win. The planning of the murder of Duncan is one of the most important sections of this tragedy. Here we see a conflict in Macbeths character, one side wants him to commit the murder, while the other wants to let fate take its course. In a way it is due to his wife that Macbeth is finally persuaded into committing treason.This shows one of the flaws in his character, which Shakespeare exposes. A while after Macbeth has certain misgivings about the affair. In his mind he argues out the advantages and disadvantages. The good side of him says that hes here in double trust I am his kinsman and subject, as his host who should against his murderers close down the door, not bear the knife myself. The more cunning party says that his virtues will plead like angels trumpet-tongued against the deep-damnation of his winning off, but only vaulting ambition, which oerleaps itself and falls on the other,twere well it were make quickly, but this blow might be and the end all here, bloody instructions, which being taught, return to plague th inventor. Yet he cannot maintain this spark of morality as, under the influence of his wife he commits treachery. After the murder Macbeth e xperient remorse, guilt and regret, still revealing his nobility. I am afraid to think what I have done he says. He is troubled by his conscience, he realizes that he is cut off from heaven.He is in fact so hampered in his actions by the conflict between his knowledge that he has perpetrate the shame and his abhorrence of it, that he becomes immobile. Macbeths evil is so great that he cannot even say amen to his prayer ,I could not say amen. By now he realizes he is too deep into his acts of violence to turn back. Macbeth has at sea the values of good and evil. That is, he has confused fair and foul, which confusion has all along been the devils aim. Macbeth has completely committed himself to evil.Macbeth still thinks of himself as a man, and as such would rather die than suffer the indignity of being baited with the rabbles curse. This pure tone in him reminds us of the worthy Macbeth at the beginning of the play. We also see that he still has the fearlessness to act on his convictions, desperate though that courage may be. For he knows now that he moldiness die. He fights as a man. Macduff and Macbeth fight which signifies the ever on-going battle between good and evil. Eventually Macbeth is slain and the evil has been stopped in Scotland good has triumphed, as Malcom is crowned the new King.

The first submission Essay Example for Free

The first accounting entry EssayA1 I gave an introduction discussing what upper-case letter structure is and how it relates to debt vs. rectitude financing and what maximizes sh atomic number 18holder return and what the goal of the friendship is in choosing a capital structure approach. I then do my pass discussing either approaches for all years using a table with recompense per share in each year for each approach and totaling them up to make my recommendation. (This was discussed and told to us in the webinar as the method so I am unspoiled repeating what was said). I then made my recommendation referencing the table, explaining why it maximizes shareholder return *****always refer to actual add up.A1aI justified my recommendation by talking about how the other approaches were not maximizing shareholder return and why, referencing the outcomes and what was causing their profits per share to be lower Talk about all of the other approaches and reference the actual n umbers. I repeated my recommendation at the end to sum it up.A2 I gave an introduction describing capital budgeting, net give birth value, and internal rate of return, and referenced things from the Storyline that were applicable to this section in a paragraph describing the terra firma of the scenario (what was going on with company). I then discussed NPV and IRR in individual sections where I referenced all of the numbers and told what they meant about whether or not the company should pursue the project. I gave brief accounting of how the numbers were cipher. At the end of each section for two IRR and NPV I made a recommendation about whether or not to pursue the project ground on the NPV and IRR results in the spreadsheet.A3 I began by discussing the background from the plot line (why they needworking capital, how much they need) I then gave 3 ways the firm can incur working capital. I then discussed 3 ways to properly manage working capital.I was told in the webinar to d estine about the accounts that make up working capital. I then discussed Lease vs. purchase. I started by plentiful the background from the storyline.It is supposed to be approached from the standpoint of which one BEST preserves working capital (on the proletariat directions) I explained how they arrived at the numbers on the spreadsheet (A groovy resource to understand where all the numbers came from and how they were calculated is Buy or Lease? Commercial Property Decisions from recenter.tamu.edu website. I then told which one they should do based on which one better preserves working capital (from task directions). If you are confused just think about how WC is calculated.. I referenced numbers, years, etc all steps of the way.A4 I told what a nuclear fusion reaction is what net per share means and what the merger was saying about EPS and how it would affect shareholder returns. I told what an eruditeness is what the NPV of the acquisition is and what that means. Always r eferencing the numbers. I then made a recommendation based on EPS in the merger before and after and NPV of the acquisition. This data comes from the webinar I am just repeating it.I hope my explanation of my method and tips from the webinar help, Timothy. Timothy Minyard, Student, July 2014.A1 and A2 Low and Moderate Sales and CalculationsHello, when completing the first two task prompts, is it essential to analyze both the low and the moderate outcomes? For example, on the gravid Structure tab it gives you the moderate EBIT to use, are we expected to enter the low as well? Also, on the Capital cyphering tab, do we discuss both scenarios of low and moderate planning?Task 3 A1, use only the moderate demand. A2, Capital Budget analyze both low and moderate demands.Dr. Cherry, CM, July 2014 A2 Internal Rate of Return as listed on SpreadsheetOn the spreadsheet (Task 3 Capital Budgeting Tab) the Internal Rate ofReturn projections are listed for both low and moderate gross sales and then below is a IRR percentage. Yours could be different but my percentages are 8.7% and 10.1%. Are these percentages directly laced to the numbers above them or are they thresholds? If they are NOT thresholds, where do I find good suggestions for an appropriate threshold for IRR? 10%. It is listed in the storyline. Dr. Cherry, CM, tremendous 2014 A3I am unable to find information or chapters on Lease vs. Buy. Any assistance would be appreciated.There is a SkillSoft titled managerial Decisions and Capital Budgeting that has a section on Lease or Buy Decisions and Make or Buy Decisions. You can find it under the Financial Analysis Course Materials for The Best Structure and Use of Capital section. Adrian Thompson, Student, June 2014. A3QuestionI find this part of Task 3 to be misleading. The task states Discuss how working capital can be properly obtained and managed for the Canadian expansion. The discussion should consider the aim-versus-buy analysis (Spreadsheet tab Task 3_ Lease vs Buy).This, to me, is intercommunicate how can we obtain working capital for the Canadian expansion?Then when I look at the Task 3 Lease vs Buy spreadsheet, it says The $200,000 in working capital and $50,000 down payment would suck to be internally funded. This I feel is telling me that the working capital has to be internally funded. Therefore, for the heading A3, I answered how the company can internally fund working capital in order to exposit into Canada. I got it returned to me for However, other ways to obtain working capital, besides internal generation, should also be discussed. Sorry, I just needed to vent. This is the 2nd time Ive had this task returned and this one frustrated me.I am real struggling with understanding the lease vs buy survival. Isubmitted my task and received the following response from the Grader The submission provides a good discussion of how to properly obtain and mange working capital for the Canadian Expansion. The recommendation to l ease is presented however, to fully support the decision an evaluation of the PV of outflows should be considered. What am I missing and what should I concentre on. Should I be discussing that one yielding the higher NPV should be selected? Any thoughts and comments would be greatly appreciated. In the lease vs buy scenario, we discussing cash outflows, so you would want to select the option that will cost the company the least amount of working capital. Dr. Cherry, CM, august 2014A3 Lease vs BuyI have a promontory on the financial information tab for Lease vs. Buy. The after tax cash flows for the lease option are $58,500 each year and Im wondering how we would arrive at this number? The storyline states that the five-year lease would necessitate payments of $90,000 each year for 5 years. It seems a stretch that the after tax cash flows would go all the way down to $58,500 from $90,000. Can anyone shed some light on this for me? Thanks$90,000 * (1 tax rate) = $90,000 * .65 Dr. Cherry, CM, August 2014A4Allocation of OverheadAs we consider the merit of opening or acquiring a Canadian operation, should we be concerned with the allocation of overhead and shared service, such as Executive Comp and some aspects of shared services such as A/P and A/R salary costs? Without these allocations, the US operations will carry the whole burden. James Crowe, July 2014 When considering the merger vs acquisition, first analyze the two projects to determine if both are financial viable. If so, then continue on with qualitative pros and cons. Dr. Cherry, CM, July 2014

Supportive Learning Environment Essay Example for Free

Supportive Learning surround Essay let off how to establish and maintain a safe and pledgeive learning surround 7.3.1. Explain how to establish cast anchor rules with learners to promote respect for each other. 9.3.2. Explain how to promote preh remove behaviour and respect for others. 7.3.2.When considering teaching in Further breeding, I assumed that managing behaviour and having to establish ground wager rules had been left at the school gates, amidst an onslaught of eggs, signed uniforms and flour. Of course, having had a little experience, I now feel that students in F. E are the most diverse group to teach anywhere in education and with that, equally diverse in terms of behaviour and motivation. In order to establish and instigate ground rules in the first instance, basic rules should be agreed upon from the very start. For example Mobile phones on silent, no talking while others are speaking and no eating during the lesson. Other rules can be apply as the course pro gresses. The establishments policies and procedures should be observed as a group, as this ensures every personate is awake of them. Observing behaviour, listening to what the students have to say and talking to them in an open forum leads the way to kick upstairs establishing an agreeable environment in which to learn. Rules can be updated in this way and enable change to be considered depending on how the class develops. In order to remind learners of these mutually agreed guidelines, it is a bang-up appraisal to display them in the room to refer students to if and when they are breached.Creating a safe environment is integral to learning. Disruption, noise, deprivation of direction, bullying and aggressive ardors are not conducive, so it is important in my role to develop tidy practise in dealing with challenging behaviour and promoting a arbitrary, respectful atmosphere. Once more is know about the students, writing learning objectives for the session and stating what th e students go away be able to do at the end of the lesson could go somewhere towards promoting expectations and creating order within the room, another point at which to refer to if needed to forestall learners on task. A supportive learning environment should be purposeful and task orientated, where the tutor emphasises the need to progress steadily. This can be done by starting lessons promptly, creating a smooth flow to the lesson, involving pupils and monitor their progression and organisation. A positive effort should be made to ensure pupils have or instal on self-respect and esteem by setting realistic opportunities for success and helpful support and cost increase whenever difficulties arise.A sense of order within the class can be managed by presenting lessons issueively and establishing positive relationships with pupils- based on mutual respect and rapport. I will, as a tutor, have to develop skills in managing behaviour and physical exercise a variety of tactics i n order to develop an understanding of students each and as a group. Hopefully, I will be able to combine that with the correct approach to planning, my approach, the resources to use in order to deal with barriers learners whitethorn have adopted towards learning and to maintain a good level of motivation. I believe in creating a relaxed, warm and supportive atmosphere in a group, as in my experience I have found that it creates a positive environment and suits my style when moveing with and enabling others. (Kyriacou, C.199865) writes- with regard to this particular style- This break off enables pupils to develop curiosity and interest in the learning activities However, this may lead to pupils relying on help, so it is important to establish and implement boundaries so that the learners initiative and motivation isnt compromised.Giving feedback in a supportive way can help to encourage students to use dissect skills by highlighting how making notes or paying attention more cl osely can better equip them in meeting the demands of the program. Of course, I am aware that not everybody will want to interact fully within the group in this way and some would rather things were direct and less downlike. I myself like to find a quiet place during a break and spend quantify alone. Sometimes I want to stay where I am seated and not move approximately to sit with other people. In general, promoting this environment and leading by example will in effect have a positive impact on the group. In my previous journal from week one, I wrote about how I try to include pupils who have low confidence in group discussions or activities with other more confident members of the class. In the same way, I also like to try and cock motivated pupils with those who may be struggling to find motivation. In an attempt to understand motivation and what motivates I have considered Abraham Maslows (1987) Hierarchy of Needs in which he describes a series of stages towards achieving on es potential or self-actualisation.The stages are set as a pyramid with the most basic human need at the base and self-actualisation at the top. The base describes physiology which incorporates basic needs such as food and sleep implore the question, Are the students tired or hungry? Safety describes the need for security. I must ask myself, Is the environment safe? Are the students feeling secure and happy? Are they confident in my ability? neck and belonging, referring to a need we have as humans to be valued and needed. Looking at this I will need to ensure that all of the students feel included and that they are being respected by the rest of the group. I must ensure that I am using an inclusive approach in teaching. Esteem building this through achievement and by being acknowledged by others.It will be important to monitor development and ensure growth in confidence through peer support and recognition. Finally, Self-actualisation- the desire to reach what is perceived to be ones full potential asking Is there an individual and share sense of achievement? and Are the students operating with initiative, creativeness and independence? As a tutor, I will be expected to lead by example in modelling desired behaviour. Not totally is it important to treat students with respect, it is important to treat other members of staff and outside agencies in the same way.I have experienced negativity from one staff member towards another member of staff where it was obvious-through body language and facial expressions- that there was a conflict. This impacted negatively on the class, as the students noticed what was waiver on. As a result, the students ostracised one staff member and took sides. This caused a very difficult atmosphere to piddle in and the disliked member of staff was ignored and treated unfairly. This highlighted the importance of professionalism to me and whenever I have to work alongside people I may not always see eye-to-eye with, I must run im partial in my views and ensure I keep thoughts and facial gestures very much to myself.ReferencesKyriacou, Chris (1998) Essential principle Skills. Second edition.London. Basil Blackwell LTD

Causes and Spread of Infection Essay Example for Free

Causes and Spread of Infection Essay1) Infections atomic number 18 the result of the bodys inability to fight off microorganisms that spate fare damage or disease if they are leave untreated. They can be viral or bacterial in nature and might be caused by a fungus or parasite. There are many common graphic symbols and in that respect are some old superstars which all hold back varying causes and treatments. Common bacterial contagious diseases include strep throat, urinary piece of ground contaminateions and E. coli the divergent graphic symbols are caused by many different types of bacteria. Infections are caused by micro-organisms which are cognize as pathogens, there are three sources of pathogens Within a persons body- called endogenousFrom other people with piteous, coughs or sneezes called exogenic From soil equipment or elements such as dust or water known as environmental. Viral transmission systems are different than bacterial because they are caused by viruses which are smaller than a bacterium or fungus. When a virus infects healthy cells it prevents the cells from doing their job and causes sickness. Viruses infect a specific type of cell which causes viral transmission systems to have-to doe with certain take offs of the body. A cold is the most common type and generally affects the upper respiratory tract. Ininfluenzaenza is a nonher common transmittance but symptoms can affect the entire body.Outcome 11)Bacteria are very small singular organisms which can be free-base almost everywhere they are the smallest living cells typically only a few micrometres in length. A number of bacteria can cause disease, these are called pathogenic bacteria. Not all bacteria is bad, we enquire bacteria to stay alive.Viruses- it is a coated genetic material that invades cells and uses the cells apparatus for reproduction, this is why it is important to washout hands frequently.Fungi is a multi-celled living organism, it is a large gro up of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and moulds.Parasites are types of living animals and plants that derive benefit from metabolism of other animals and plants.Viruses arent living they are do of complex proteins and nucleic acids. Bacteria, Fungi and Parasites are living organisms. 2) There are common illnesses and infections which are caused by bacteria, viruses, kingdom Fungi and parasites. Bacteria can cause food poisoning, ear infections, bronchitis, chest infections and tonsillitis. Viruses can cause common colds, flu attacks, sickness and diarrhoea and warts. Fungi can cause ring worm, yeast infections and athletes foot. Parasites can cause worms, malaria and sleeping sickness.3) Infection in general terms in an encroachment to the body tissues from a disease caused microorganism, its the illness caused by the growth of a germ on or in a person. The infection might not give any symptoms this is known as asymptomatic infection. When the ge rm is found on our body without causing any illness it is known as colonisation. Colonisation is multiplication of microorganisms without tissue invasion or damage.4) A localised infection is an infection that is limited to a specific body part or region this could be infections such as cellulitis of the skin or a bladder infection. A systemic infection is the opposite, the infection is distributed throughout the whole body this could be illnesses such as a cold or the flu.5) There are poor practices which may lead to the spread of infection, this could be not washing hands frequently, not wearing personal prophylactic garment, wearing jewellery, not tying spine coherent hair, not covering your mouth and nose if you sneeze or cough. Wearing inappropriate clothing and footwear can also lead to the spread of infection.6) There are certain conditions which are need for the growth of micro-organisms. Micro-organisms need food to survive, they like high protein food such as dairy pr oducts, newfangled eggs and uncooked fish. Microorganisms need moisture and warmth they grow best at 20-40c. Air is required for micro-organisms to multiply although some can do without.2) Infections are caused by microorganisms known as pathogens, there are three sources of pathogens 1)Within a persons body called endogenous (For example, some microorganisms from the stomach can cause infections in other parts of the body) 2)From other people through touching, coughs or sneezes called exogenous 3)From contaminated equipment or elements such as dust or water- known as environmental. They could go down the respiratory tract into the lungs, coughs, colds and other common airborne infections are contracted in this fashion.Anything that penetrates the skin, or for that matter the mucous tissue layer that lines the mouth or nose provides a route for infection to enter this could be bites, scratches, puncture wounds by needles etc. They could also enter down the digestive tract, food, d rink or other infected products can be swallowed and infect the stomach or bowels which reveals itself in the form of diarrhoea and or vomiting. An infective cistron might also enter up the urinary and reproductive systems the infectious agent may watch localized or may enter the blood stream. Sexually transmitted diseases most commonly infect the genitals these can be transmitted in saliva, seminal fluid or blood.3) The sources of infection are numerous, for each type of infection a specific source becomes more significant than others in the spoken language of the infectious agent to the host. The sources of infection can be divided into two main groups, these are exogenous and endogenous sources. A source of infection is endogenous when the infectious agent comes from the persons own body. Exogenous sources of infection introduce organisms from anywhere outside to the inside of the body, this is the case the majority of the time. Infections can come from unwashed hands, ppe not being worn, unclean equipment being used generally if poor hygiene is used.4) There are motley ways that infective agents can be transmitted to a person, it is usually the transmission of microorganisms directly from one person to another by droplet contact. Droplet contact is either sneezing or coughing on or near another person without using a tissue or hand to try and protection it. Infective agents can be transmitted to another person by direct physical contact, touching an infected person could lead to this. Indirect physical contact could also cause infective agents to be transmitted to another person, usually by touching soil contamination or a contaminated surface. Airborne transmission is very common if the microorganism can remain in the air for long periods of time it can lead to infective agents being transmitted. Faecal-oral transmission usually from contaminated food or water sources also transmits infective agents to others.5) There are key factors that make it mor e likely that infection bequeath occur, if a person does not practice a safe and hygienic way of working(a) this could make it more likely that infection will occur and then spread. Using person protective equipment is vital when providing care for vulnerable people whose immune system will not be as strong as a younger person. If ppe is not worn correctly it exposes people to all sorts of infections which could have disastrous consequences. Wearing the incorrect uniform and footwear could also increase the risk of infection not washing hands frequently is a very common form of how infection occurs. If someone who has a virus goes into close proximity to another it will make it more likely that infection will occur. Dirty or contaminated areas in which bacteria can grow also increases the chance of infection occurring. If standard precautions are not met it increases the risk of infection occurring a lot.

Kubla Khan Essay Example for Free

Kubla caravansary EssayBorn in 1772 in Ottery. St., T.S.Coleridge lead a very disquiet life in his early childhood. After his fathers expiration he was sent to the Christs infirmary school. There he had felt a great emotional vacuum, which was the beginning of his continuos ill health. Charles Lamb, his schoolmate, gave us an score of this period affirming that Coleridge was highly imaginative, who sought refuge in reading old ro universetic tales as comfortably as Homer, Virgil, and Shakespeare.Perhaps the most influential period in Coleridges life was the period when he met Wordsworth in 1795, after he had left Cambridge. It seemed that in the company of Wordsworth, Coleridge found the mental peace, security, and environmental harmony. This had resulted in the jerky flowering of his title-holder, a sudden release of his creative impulses, and he wrote The Ancient Mariner, The Christable, and Kubla Khan.Much about the makeup and subject matter of Kubla Khan can be detected from Coleridges Preface to that metrical composition This fragment with a good deal more, not recoverable, composed, in a sort of reverie brought on by twain grains of opium taken to check a dysenteryThis fact raises the issue of the drugs order on the poets creative imagination. Early critics fancied that there was a direct and immediate correlation between opium and imagination. In 1934 M.H. Abrams declared that the great pass on of opium to men like Coleridge was to access to a new world as diverse from this nonpareil and one which is ordinary mortal. According to Elizabeth Schneider, opium can only work on what is already there in a mans judgement and memory and if he already has a creative imagination and a tendency to ring dreams and visions. Then opium may intensify and focus his perceptions.This tolerate interpretation seems to be the most acceptable one, because this is what unfeignedly happens to Coleridge. Before he began to dream he had been reading the fol lowing words of the same substance, in Purchass transit Here the Khan Kubla commanded a palace to be built, and a stately garden thereunto. And thus ten miles of fertile g bit were inclosed within a w wholly. These words, it is quite apparent, formed the background upon which opium worked, encouraging Coleridges mind for imagination.The effect opium had on Coleridges mind manifests itself while examining the structure of the poem itself. It quite obvious that the third stanza is entirely different from the first two ones, as if was written by a human being whereas the other anterior stanzas seem to had been written by a demon or some divine hand. Coleridge himself confesses that he couldnt resort the interrupted composition of the first two stanzas that were written under the influence of opium, and that when he returned to his writing all the rest had passed away like images on the surface of a stream. Perhaps thats why we find it a fragmentary work, filled with strange, unusual imagery, and lacking a rational structure its rhythms suggest a mind vacillating between conscious and unconscious modes of being.Matter of fact Kubla Khan is reliable to different levels of interpretation. First, the poem could be approached as a descriptive poem that shares the common beautiful characteristics and techniques of most romantic poets, peculiarly when describing natural elements. Still Coleridge described the world of Kubla Khan in terms of the ancient Platonic bringing close together of Dualism where the world of material existence is described as the world of shadows, and the world of Ideals as the elevated one.Accordingly, Kubla Khan could be regarded as a beautiful expression of the poets longing for some ultimate beauty cartel the work of man with those of nature and those of pure imagination to resurrect lost archetypal worlds within the imagination. In this way the pleasure dome that has been established in fulfillment of the orders of the Tartar Prince can be regarded as an attempt to reach such an ideal world. Thats why the first stanza opens with a carefully constructed image of a walled garden containing incense bearing trees and forests enclosing sunny spots of greenery a description that adds a paradisal spirit into the place Kubla has created. The ideal spirit and holiness of this world has been emphasized in a variety of expressions in affirming that in this stately pleasure dome did Alph, the sacred river, ranThrough caverns measureless to manDown to a sunless seaThe sacredness of this world has been further affirmed by the fact that it is girdled round and protected from undesirable or unharmonious influences.This scene that has been described in the first stanza stands in air to the opening lines of the second stanza where the poets But contrasts the planned classical artifact of Kubla with the romantic chasm the birthplace of poetic genius and true creativityBut oh That deep romantic chasm which slantedDown the green hill sideways a cedarn coverNow the atmosphere is different the rational order of the garden has been replaced by a scene outside the walls, which is savage, wholly, and enchanted. This natural scene is, indeed, a more perfect symbol of the rapprochement of oppositions in the world of imagination, thereby more eternal.In this stanza we are, also, introduced to the source of that sacred river- Alph- which is seen as symbolizing Platos possibleness of Dualism in terms of Mans journey through life in search for the Ideal world it flows from a mysterious source- (Mans birth)- through a mazy course- (the complexities of life poetically symbolized by the mighty fountain that belch small stones as if breathing)- to sink tumultuously into a lifeless ocean-(the sea of death). Between birth and death Man is overwhelmed by a dream of permanence- (the shadow cast by the dome of pleasure). This very last symbol has been developed in representing the dome in dream-like terms inaccessible to ManIt was miracle of rare devise,A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of iceThats to say the dome itself- by possessing sunny weather and caves of ice- represent a atonement of opposites which is impossible to human life.With the beginning of the third stanza the poem seems to take a new tern of thought. Now it gives us a vivid picture of a poet caught in a spell of poetic inspiration, who, once in a vision, saw an abyssinian maid playing on her dulcimer and singing of the wild splendor of mount Abora.At this point the poem becomes reliable to another level of interpretation. It is a poem about poetic creation. With this servant in mind Kubla Khan, who caused a pleasure-dome and elaborated gardens to be constructed in Xanadu, is a type of the artist whose empyrean creation becomes a balanced reconciliation of the natural and artificial. Similarly the poet enters the poem- using first person pronoun- in an attempt to establish his own dome. If only, Coleridge laments, he could revive within him the maids lost symphony and song, if only he could recapture the whole original vision instead of just a portion of it, then he would be able to establish that dome in air so that his witnesses would declare him to be divinely inspired and form a circle of worship around him. Being filled with holy savvy they would cry

PSY 435 Full Course Material Essay Example for Free

PSY 435 Full Course Material Essay

Cognitive Dissonance Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Dissonance EssaySolving a cognitive interference is a good way to look at all your card game on the table, so to speak. The definition of cognitive divergence is A feeling of discomfort caused by a version between an attitude and a behavior or between two attitudes. (S.Carpenter, K. Huffman 2010). This is means that cognitive dissonance is a puzzle that involves how you feel and what you are doing to cause the problem. For an example a man has stolen a car. He feels upset that he has stolen the car but he is in desperate need of money. The mans attitude is that slipth is wrong and his behavior is that he has stolen a car.To solve this cognitive dissonance, the man will have to all change his attitude (change his belief that stealing is wrong) or his behavior (Give back the car and never steal again). To solve cognitive dissonance you will have to, like I put it, put your cards on the table and resolve your problem(s). Like the stealing man I referenced, he notic ed his problem was either his attitude for the whole thing or his behavior. To avoid cognitive dissonance, you can completely edit out the problem. Someone can be a doctor that chain smokes even though they have warned their patients of the dangers of roll of tobacco and completely ignore the attitude (guilt for being a hypocrite and endangering their own lives) and the behavior (smoking) and be a smoker without thinking anything wrong or good about it.One example of cognitive dissonance that happened to me is the first and only time I cheated on a rise back in racy school. I needed to pass an exam because I was out sick for a month and my label was low. A student was selling the test answers for five dollars and I bought one. When I took the test, I was felt conscience-smitten for cheating. My attitude was that cheating was wrong yet my behavior was that I was cheating on my test. I remove to fix my attitude on the grounds of that I REALLY needed to pass the test with nimbl e colors and I felt that studying wasnt going to cut it. It turns out that the test answers were from the wrong test and everyone who bought the answers, like me, failed. Luckily the teacher hated the turn out so much that she allowed everyone to retake it. I got a 95% on my own. I never cheated again.

Environmental regulation of oil and gas Essay Example for Free

Environmental regulation of fossil rock oil colour and instinctive gas EssayDemand and supply mental institution The global oil and gas industry face an External Environment that is more dynamic, more challenging, and more diverse less understood and has greater information symmetry. These Environmental factors include political, Economic, Technological, Legal, Environmental and social factors. Political Environment This involves the risk that political decisions and events that occur innovationwide can affect the profitability and sustainability of the investment in the global oil and gas industry. Political decisions are very diverse thus they influence the oil and gas industry. For example, if there is political unrest in the major Oil Producing and Exporting Countries (OPEC) there could be no smooth operations of the oil and gas industry, thus oil and gas companies tend to take countries with stable political systems and a history that can guarantee long-term Lea ses. Economic Environment The sparing development directly influences the policymakers, citizens managers and institutions. The Gross subject field income (GNI) generated by both the domestic and international production activities of national companies and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of countries do generally shape the global industry of oil and gas. The sparing factors include Inflation rate, Prevailing interest rates, unemployment level and the level of disposable income and income distribution. Technological environment These link up to the applications of new innovations such as Websites Internet as a business tool. Thus the oil and gas organizations need to be aware of the latest relevant technologies for them to succeed and surf the wave of change.Dubai as solid producer of oil and gas Dubai is a major player in the world market and its parting in international trade cannot be overemphasized since it contributes almost 10 percent in this trade. This country h as repeatedly dominated the international market arena due to the following reasons, one it occupies a very strategical position in the middle of U.A.E coast and additionally it has one of the most efficient harbors in the world hence playing a crucial role in the transportation of goods between East and westward markets. Also Dubai in the recent years has pursued to strengthen its strategic location by pursue a free and balanced economic policy therefore gaining an international reputation which has not entirely seen the increase of Foreign direct investments (FDI) and also growth of service, commercial and industrial fields. Dubai is also endowed with natural resources like oil, gas just to name a few and also it has one of the best stem in the world and therefore this resource and proper systems has seen the economy of Dubai take off in a way never witnessed before. The aim of this paper is to explore Dubai as a primary producer of oil and gas and its place in the internatio nal trade of oil and gas arena.ReferencesASWATHAPPA, K. (2010). International business. New Delhi, Tata McGraw hill Education.GAO, Z. (1998). Environmental regulation of oil and gas. London u.a., Kluwer Law Internat.LAX, H. L. (1983). Political risk in the international oil and gas industry. Boston, International Human Resources Development CorpMACDONALD, D. (2007). Business and environmental politics in Canada. Peterborough, Ont. u.a., Broadview Press.NEELANKAVIL, J. P., RAI, A. (2009). fundamental principle of international business. Armonk, N.Y., M.E. SharpeSource document

Counseling Models Essay Example for Free

guidance Models Es interpretMost focal point poseurs get along use of the perfume conditions empathy, crude(prenominal) positive regard and congruity. A. Psychoanalytic ModelSigmund Freuds psychoanalytic arranging is a model of character development and approach to psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic The original so c all tolded talking therapy involves analyzing the root causes of getion and feelings by exploring the unconscious mind mind mind and the conscious minds relation to it. Many theories and therapies have evolved from the original Freudian psychoanalysis which utilizes free-association, dreams, and transportation, as salutary other strategies to attend the node know the function of their suffer minds. Traditional psychopsycho analysts have their c restnts lie on a range as the therapist takes nones and interprets the lymph nodes thoughts, etc. Many theories and therapies have evolved from the original psychoanalysis, including Hyp nonherapy, object-rela tions, Progoffs Intensive diary Therapy, Jungian, and many others. One thing they all have in common is that they deal with unconscious motivation. normally the duration of therapy is lengthy however, many modern therapists use psychoanalytic techniques for short term therapies.Psychoanalytic counseling or Freudian psychology prompts diligents to imagine lying on a vomit and divulging aboutbodyal information. This type of counseling relies on patients history and an analysis of their thoughts, behavior and feelings. NYU Medical Schools Psychoanalytic Institute holds that psychoanalysis is found on observations of patient behavior and recognition of symptoms and explores how unconscious factors play a authority in kinships and behavior patterns. Psychoanalysts allow attend to lymph glands through the diagnosis of disorders and the utilization of talk therapy. Clients work through issues with the assistance of a trained counselor. Psychodynamic (psychoanalytic)Sees childhoo d as cause of present problems and focuses on exploring prehistoric in some depth. Explores transference displaced feelings from early(a) childhood featured in adult situations. Uses free association. Long term.Psychoanalytic therapy is the model where invitees lay d have with no eye contact or relationship with the therapist. (Less common these days) Counseling Implications nigh counselors find combined psychosexual and psychosocial perspective a helpful conceptual framework for pick uping developmental issues as they appear in therapy. The key needs and developmental labors, along with the altercates inherent at severally stage of life, provide a model for understanding some of the core conflicts clients explore in their therapy sessions. The therapeutic Process redress GoalsUltimate Goal To increase adaptive functioning which involves the reduction of symptoms and the resolution of conflicts. The deuce finales of Freudian Psychoanalytic Therapy be as follows, (1) to fa ll upon the unconscious conscious and (2) to strengthen the ego so that behavior is based to a greater extent on pragmatism and less on instinctual cravings or ir keen guilt. prospered analysis is believed to resolving power in signifi bedt modification of the individuals somebodyality and character structure. Therapeutic methods atomic number 18 used to bring out the unconscious material. Then childhood experiences ar re compo sympathised, discussed, interpreted and analyzed. It is irradiate that the routine is not limited to solving problems and learning untested behaviors. There is also deeper probing into the past to develop the level of ego understanding that is assumed to be necessary for a interpolate in character. therapists Function and RoleIn classical psychoanalysis, analysts typically assume an anonymous stance, which is sometimes called the blank screen approach. They engage in very little egotism disclosure and keep back a sense of neutrality to foster a t ransference relationship in which their clients will make projections onto them. Central functions of analysis is to help clients direct the freedom to love, work and play. Other functions include assisting clients in achieving self awargonness, honesty and more effective personal relationships in dealing with anxiety in a virtual(prenominal) mood and in gaining control over impulsive and absurd behavior. RolesEstablish a working relationship with the client and then do a great deal of listening and interpreting. Empathic attunement to the client facilitates the analysts disquietude and appreciation of the of the clients intra psychic world. Particular fear is given to the clients resistances. The analyst listens, learns and decides when to make let interpretations.A major function of interpretation is to accelerate the process of uncovering unconscious material. The analyst listens for gaps and inconsistencies in the clients story, infers the meaning of reported dreams and f ree associations, and remains sensitive to clues concerning the clients feelings towards the analyst.Clients Experience in the TherapyClients interested in traditional (or classical) psychoanalysis must(prenominal) be willing to commit themselves to an intensive and long term therapy process. After some face-to-face sessions with the analyst, clients lie on a couch and engage in free association. *Free association allows the client to say whatever comes to mind without self-censorship.This is known as the fundamental rule. Clients report their feelings, experiences, associations, memories and fantasies. Lying on the couch encourages deep, uncensored reflections and reduces the stimuli that might interfere with getting in touch with internal conflicts and productions. It reduces clients powerfulness to read their analysts face for reactions and hence, fosters the projections characteristics of transference. At the same time, the analyst is freed from having to conservatively monit or facial cues.Therapeutic Techniques and ProceduresThe therapy is accommodate more to limited objectives than to restructuring ones personality The therapist is less likely to use the couchThere are fewer sessions each weekThere is more frequent use of confirmatory interventions such(prenominal) as reassurance, expressions of empathy and support and suggestions There is more emphasis on the here-and-how relationship between therapist and client There is more latitude for therapist self-disclosure without polluting the transference Less emphasis is give n to the therapists neutralityThere is focus on mutual transference and counter transference enactments The focus is more on pressing practical concerns than on working with fantasy material vi (6) Basic Techniques of Psychoanalytic Therapy(1) Maintaining of the Analytic FrameworkThis refers to a whole range of procedural and stylistic factors such as the analysts relative anonymity, maintaining neutrality and objectivity, the regu larity and consistency of meeting starting and final result the sessions on time, clarity on fees, and underlying boundary issues such as the avoidance of advice giving or imposition of the therapists values.(2) Free AssociationIt is the key technique in psychoanalytic therapy. In free association, clients are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind, regardless of how painful, silly, trivial, illogical, irrelevant it may seem.(3) InterpretationThe analyst points out, explains and informes the client the meanings of behaviors that are manifested in dreams, free association, resistances and the therapeutic relationship itself.(4) Dream AnalysisThis is an important office for uncovering unconscious material and giving the client shrewdness into some areas of unresolved problems. During sleep, defenses are take down and repressed feelings surface. Freud sees dreams as the royal road to the unconscious.2 Levels of Dream electrical capacityLatent ContentManifest Content(5) Analy sis and Interpretation of ResistanceThis is anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents theclient from producing previously unconscious material. Resistance helps the client to see that cancelling appointments, fleeing from therapy prematurely are ship canal of defending against anxiety.(6) Analysis and Interpretation of transfer of trainingThe client reacts to the therapist as he did to an earlier signifi buzzword other. This allows the client to experience feelings that would otherwise be inaccessible. Its analysis allows the client to achieve insight into the influence of the past. *Counter transference is the reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with objectivity. Limitations of Classical AnalysisThis approach may not be impound for all cultures or socioeconomic groups Deterministic focus does not emphasize actual maladaptive behaviors Minimizes role of the milieuRequires subjective interpretationRelies heavily on client fantasy Lengthy treatment may not be practical or afford commensurate for many clientsB. Client-centered ModelPerson-centered therapy ( portion) is also known as person-centered psychotherapy, person-centered counseling, client-centered therapy and Rogerian psychotherapy. PCT is a form of talk-psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s.The ultimate goal of PCT is to provide clients with an opportunity to develop a sense of self wherein they can realize how their attitudes, feelings and behavior are existence negatively affected and make an effort to find their true positive potential. The aim is removeed towards achieving a greater degree of independence and integration. Two primary goals of person-centered therapy are increased self-esteem and greater openness to experience.Some of the related win overs that this form of therapy seeks to foster in clients include closer agreement between the clients reckon and actual selves better self-understanding low er levels of defensiveness, guilt, andinsecurity more positive and comfortable relationships with others and an increased capacity to experience and express feelings at the moment they occur. Rogers necessitateed to assist the clients in their change stateth process so clients can better cope with problems as they identify them.In this technique, therapists create a comfortable, non-judgmental milieu by demonstrating congruence (authenticity), empathy, and unconditional positive regard toward their clients while using a non- leading approach. This aids clients in finding their own solutions to their problems. It places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a nondirective role. Basic CharacteristicsIn the Person Centered approach the focus is on helping the client discover more appropriate behavior by exploitation self-awareness ways to fully encounter reality. Through this encounter the client gains insight of themselves the world. Core ConditionsRogers (1957 1959) stated that there are six necessary and sufficient conditions required for therapeutic change1. healer-Client Psychological Contact a relationship between client and therapist must exist, and it must be a relationship in which each persons perception of the other is important.2. Client in-congruence that in-congruence exists between the clients experience and awareness.3. healer Congruence or Genuineness the therapist is congruent within the therapeutic relationship. The therapist is deeply affect him or herself they are not acting and they can draw on their own experiences (self-disclosure) to facilitate the relationship.4. Therapist Unconditional unconditional Regard (UPR) the therapist accepts the client flatly, without judgment, dis compliment or approval. This facilitates increased self-regard in the client, as they can begin to become aware of experiences in which their apparent horizon of self-worth was distorted by others. 5. Therapist Empathic understanding the therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the clients internal frame of reference. stainless empathy on the discontinue of the therapist helps the client believe the therapists unconditional love for them.6. ClientPerception that the client perceives, to at least a minimal degree, the therapists UPR and empathic understanding.ProcessesRogers asserted that the most important factor in successful therapy is the relative climate created by the therapists attitude to their client. He specified three interrelated core conditions 1. CongruenceThe willingness to transparently relate to clients without hiding derriere a professional or personal facade. genuineness or realnessThe helper does not deny his or her own feelings the opposite of hiding behind a professional mask. I find that I am closest to my inner, intuitive self,when I am somehow in touch with the unknown in me, when perhaps I am in a slightly altered state of consciousnessTh en simply my presence is releasing and helpful. (Rogers) 2. Unconditional Positive RegardThe therapist offers an acceptance and prizing for their client for who he or she is without conveying disapproving feelings, actions or characteristics and demonstrating a willingness to attentively listen without interruption, judgment or giving advice. Unconditional positive regard acceptance and caring, alone not Approval of all behaviorRelated TermsAcceptance of the others reality with kindnessNon-possessive caringPrizingNon-judgmental attitude3. EmpathyThe therapist communicates their desire to understand and appreciate their clients perspective. Accurate empathic understanding an ability to deeply grasp the clients subjective world benefactor attitudes are more important than knowledgeEmpathy is a consistent, unflagging appreciation of the experience of the other. It is quick attention to the feelings of the clientIt involves warmth and genuinenessThe TherapistRogers believed that a t herapist who embodies these three critical attitudes will help liberate their client to more confidently express their true feelings without fear of judgment. To achieve this, the client-centered therapist carefully avoids directly challenging their clients way of communicating themselves in the session in order to enable a deeper exploration of the issues most intimate to them and free from external referencing. Rogers was not prescriptive in telling his clients what to do, hardly believed that the answers to the patients questions were within the patient and not the therapist. Accordingly the therapists role was to create a facilitative, empathic environment wherein the patient could discover for him or herself the answers.Therapists are used as instruments of change but are not to direct the change in client Therapist helps develop an environment in which the client can grow Through attitudes of genuine caring, respect, and understanding the client is able to let their defenses down become more self aware Therapist reflects clients view of the world (Phenomenological approach) The Therapist must becongruentable to approach client with unconditional positive regarddemonstrate accurate understanding and empathyFocuses on the feel of the therapeutic relationshipServes as a model of a human being assay toward greater realness is genuine integrated, and authentic, without a false front Can openly express feelings attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client Therapeutic ProcessMain focus is on the person not on the persons problemsThis allows the client to reconnect with him/her.Client is assisted in therapy so that they can deal with current problems as salubrious as problems that develop in the future Focuses on helping a personbecome aware of their true self develop congruency Clients ExperienceThrough therapy client is able to let down his/her defenses become more true to him/her selves They gain perception into themselves, which al lows them to better understand accept others Application Therapeutic Techniques and ProceduresOne of the major contributions of Rogers in the counseling field is the notion that the quality of the therapeutic relationship, as opposed administering techniques, is the primary agent of growth in the client. The therapists ability to establish a strong connection with the clients is the critical factor determining successful counseling outcomes. The person-centered philosophy is based on the assumption that clients have the resourcefulness for positive movement without the counselor assuming an mobile, directive or problem-solving role. What is essential for clients progress is the therapists presence, being completely attentive to, and immersed in the client as well as in the clients expressed concerns. In a orbit conducted in the 1990s, it was revealed that the effectiveness of person-centered therapy with a wide range of client problems including anxiety disorders, alcoholism, ps ychosomatic problems, agoraphobia, interpersonal difficulties, depression, malignant neoplastic disease and personality disorders. Moreover, an effective therapy is based on the client-therapist relationship in combination with the inner and external resources of the client. encyclopaedism to listen with acceptance to oneself is a valuable life skill that enables individuals to be their own therapists. The basic concepts are straight forward and easy to comprehend, and they encourage locating power in the person rather than training an authoritarian structure in which control and power are denied to the person. The person-centered approach is especially applicable in crisis intervention such as an unwanted pregnancy, an illness, a disastrous event, or the loss of a love one. When people are in crisis, one of the first steps is to give them an opportunity to fully express themselves. Communicating a deep sense of understanding should ever precede other more problem-solving interve ntions.C. perspicacious Emotive ModelAlbert Ellis founded rational therapy in the mid-1950s and was one of the first therapists to emphasize the influential role of cognition in behavior. In 1960s, he changed the name to apt Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), because of his contention that the model had always stressed the reciprocal interactions among cognition, emotion and behavior. Rational stirred up behavior therapy (REBT), previously called rational therapy and rational emotive therapy, is a comprehensive, active-directive, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy which focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and enable people to lead happier and more fulfilling constitutes. REBT is based on the assumption that we are not disturbed solely by out early or later environments but we have strong inclinations to disturb ourselves consciously and unconsciously. We do this more often than not by taking our goals and values, which we main ly learn from our families and culture, and changing them into absolute shoulds, oughts and musts.REBT therapists employ active/directive techniques such as teaching, suggestion, persuasion, and homework assignments and they challenge clients to substitute a rational thought system for an irrational one. It emphasizes the therapists ability and willingness to challenge, confront, and convince the members to practice activities that will lead to constructive changes in thinking and behaving. The approach stresses action doing something about the insights one gains in the therapy. ORIGINS OF EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCEA central concept of REBT is the role that absolutist shoulds, oughts, and musts play when people become and remain emotionally disturbed. We forcefully, rigidly, and emotionally back up to many grandiose musts that result in our needlessly disturbing ourselves. According to Ellis (2001a, 2001b), feelings of anxiety, depression, hurt, shame, rage, and guilt are largely init iated and perpetuated by a belief system based on irrational ideas that were uncritically embraced, often during early childhood. In addition to taking on impaired beliefs from others, Ellis stresses that we also invent musts on our own. Ellis (1994, 1997 Ellis Dryden, 2007 Ellis Harper, 1997) contends that most of our dysfunctional beliefs can be reduced to three main forms of musturbation 1. I absolutely must do well and be approved of by signicant others.I must wintheir approval or else I am an inadequate, worthless person. 2. You must under all conditions and at all times treat me considerately, kindly, lovingly, and fairly. If you fag outt, you are no damned good and are a rotten person. 3. Conditions under which I live absolutely must be comfortable so that I can get what I want without too much effort. If not, it is awful I cant stand it and life is no good. Rational emotive behavior therapy is grounded on existential principles in many respects. Although parents and soci ety play a signicant role in bring to our emotional disturbance, we do not need to be victims of this indoctrination that takes place in our early years. We may not have had the resources during childhood to challenge parental and societal messages. As psychological adults now, however, we can become aware of how adhering to negative and destructive beliefs actually hampers our efforts to live fully, and we are also in a position to modify these beliefs. THE A-B-C THEORYThe A-B-C conjecture of personality and emotional disturbance is central to REBT theory and practice. The A-B-C theory maintains that when we have an emotional reaction at point C (the emotional Consequence), after some Activating event that occurred at point A, it is not the event itself (A) that causes the emotional state (C), although it may set up to it. It is the Belief system (B), or the beliefs that we have about the event, that mainly creates C. For example, if you feel depressed (C) over not getting a pro motion at work (A), it is not the fact that you werent promoted that causes your depression it is your belief (B) about the event. By believing that you absolutely should have been promoted and that not receiving it means that you are a failure, you construct the emotional consequence of feeling depressed.Thus, we are largely responsible for creating our own emotional disturbances through the beliefs we consort with the events of our lives Ellis (2011) maintains that we have the capacity to signicantly change our cognitions, emotions, and behaviors. We can best complete this goal by avoiding preoccupying ourselves with the trigger off events at A and by acknowledging the futility of dwelling endlessly on the emotional consequences at C. We can choose to examine, challenge, modify, and extirpate Bthe irrational beliefs we hold about the activating events at A. GOALS OF A REBT GROUPThe basic goal of REBT is to help clients replace rigid demands with exible preferences. According t o Ellis (2001b 2011), two of the main goals of REBT are to assist clients in the process of achieving unconditional self-acceptance (USA) and unconditional other acceptance (UOA), and to see how these are interrelated. To the degree that group members are able to accept themselves, they are able to accept others. The process of REBT involves a collaborative effort on the mathematical function of both the group leader and the members in choosing realistic and self enhancing outcome goals. The therapists task is to help group participants to dissententiate between realistic and unrealistic goals and self-defeating and self-enhancing goals (Dryden, 2007). Further goals are to teach members how to change their dysfunctional emotions and behaviors into healthy ones and to cope with almost any ominous event that may climb in their lives (Ellis, 2001b).REBT aims at providing group members with tools for experiencing healthy emotions (such as sadness and concern) about negative activatin g events rather than unhealthy emotions (such as depression and anxiety) about these events so that they can live richer and more substantial lives. To accomplish this basic objective, group members learn practical ways to identify their underlying irrational beliefs, to critically appreciate such beliefs, and to replace them with rational beliefs. Basically, group members are taught that they are largely responsible for their own emotional reactions that they can minimize their emotional disturbances by paying attention to their self-verbalizations and by changing their irrational beliefs and that if they acquire a new and more realistic philosophy, they can cope effectively with most of the unfortunate events in their lives. Although the therapeutic goals of REBT are essentially the same for both individual and group therapy, the two differ in some of the specic methods and techniques employed, as you will see in the discussion that follows.CONFRONTING IRRATIONAL BELIEFSREBT gro up leaders begin by teaching group members the A-B-C theory. When they have come to see how their irrational beliefs are contributing to their emotional and behavioral disturbances, they are ready to Dispute (D) these beliefs. D represents the application of scientic principles to challengeself-defeating philosophies and to dispose of unrealistic and unveriable hypotheses. Cognitive restructuring, a central technique of cognitive therapy, teaches people how to make themselves less disturbed (Ellis, 2003). One of the most effective methods of helping people reduce their emotional disturbances is to coming into court them how to actively and forcefully dispute these irrational beliefs until they surrender them. This process of disputation involves three other Ds(1) Detecting irrational beliefs and seeing that they are illogical and unrealistic,(2) Debating these irrational beliefs and envisioning oneself how they are unsupported by evidence, and (3) discriminating between irrational thinking and rational thinking (Ellis, 1994, 1996). After D comes E, or the set of disputingthe relinquishing of self destructive ideologies, the acquisition of effective new beliefs, and a greater acceptance of oneself, of others, and of the required frustrations of everyday life. This new philosophy of life has, of course, a practical sidea concrete E, if you wish. In the previous example, E would translate into a rational statement such as this Id like to have gotten the job, but there is no reason I have to get what I want. It is unfortunate that I did not get the job, but it is not terrible.According to REBT theory, the ultimate desired result is that the person experiences a healthy negative emotion, in this case, disappointment and sadness, rather than depression.Group members learn to separate their rational (or functional) beliefs from their irrational (or dysfunctional) beliefs and to understand the origins of their emotional disturbances as well as those of other membe rs. Participants are taught the many ways in which they can (1) free themselves of their irrational life philosophy so that they can function more effectively as an individual and as a relational being and (2) learn more appropriate ways of responding so that they wont needlessly feel disturbed about the realities of living. The group members help and support one another in these learning endeavors. The Therapeutic ProcessGOALS OF A REBT GROUPThe basic goal of REBT is to help clients replace rigid demands with exible preferences. According to Ellis (2001b 2011), two of the main goals of REBT are to assist clients in the process of achieving unconditional self-acceptance (USA) and unconditional other acceptance (UOA), and to seehow these are interrelated. To the degree that group members are able to accept themselves, they are able to accept others. The process of REBT involves a collaborative effort on the part of both the group leader and the members in choosing realistic and self enhancing outcome goals. The therapists task is to help group participants to differentiate between realistic and unrealistic goals and self-defeating and self-enhancing goals (Dryden, 2007). Further goals are to teach members how to change their dysfunctional emotions and behaviors into healthy ones and to cope with almost any unfortunate event that may arise in their lives (Ellis, 2001b). REBT aims at providing group members with tools for experiencing healthy emotions (such as sadness and concern) about negative activating events rather than unhealthy emotions (such as depression and anxiety) about these events so that they can live richer and more satisfying lives.To accomplish this basic objective, group members learn practical ways to identify their underlying irrational beliefs, to critically evaluate such beliefs, and to replace them with rational beliefs. Basically, group members are taught that they are largely responsible for their own emotional reactions that they can mi nimize their emotional disturbances by paying attention to their self-verbalizations and by changing their irrational beliefs and that if they acquire a new and more realistic philosophy, they can cope effectively with most of the unfortunate events in their lives. Although the therapeutic goals of REBT are essentially the same for both individual and group therapy, the two differ in some of the specic methods and techniques employed, as you will see in the discussion that follows. Role and Functions of the counselingThe therapeutic activities of an REBT group are carried out with a central purpose to help participants internalize a rational philosophy of life, just as they internalized a set of dogmatic and perfect beliefs derived from their sociocultural environment and from their own invention. In working toward this ultimate aim, the group leader has several specic functions and tasks. The rst task is to show group members how they have largely created their own emotional and behavioral disturbances. The leader helps group members to identify and challenge the irrational beliefs they originally unquestioningly accepted, demonstrates how they are continuing toindoctrinate themselves with these beliefs, and teaches them how to modify their thinking by developing rational alternative beliefs. It is the group leaders task to teach members how to stop the vicious pot of the self-blaming and other-blaming process. REBT assumes that peoples irrational beliefs are so deeply ingrained that they will not change easily. Thus, to bring about a signicant cognitive change, leaders employ a variety of active cognitive and emotive techniques (Ellis, 1996, 2001b Ellis Dryden, 2007).REBT group practitioners favor interventions such as questioning, confronting, negotiating homework assignments, and helping members experiment with new ways of thinking, feeling, and doing. REBT group leaders are active in teaching the theoretical model, proposing methods of coping, and tea ching members strategies for interrogation hypotheses and solutions. REBT group leaders assume the role of a psychological educator, and they tend to avoid relating too intimately to their members and thus avoid having them increase their dependency tendencies. They provide unconditional acceptance rather than warmth and approval (Dryden, 2009b). However, REBT group practitioners demonstrate respect for the members of their groups and also tend to be collaborative, encouraging, supportive, and mentoring. REBT practitioners employ a directive role in encouraging members to commit themselves to practicing in everyday situations what they are learning in the group sessions.They view what goes on during the group as important, but they realize that the hard work between sessions and after therapy is alter is even more crucial. The group context provides members with tools they can use to become self-reliant and to accept themselves unconditionally as they encounter new problems in da ily living.Application Therapeutic Techniques and ProceduresEllis originally developed REBT to turn up to make psychotherapy shorter and more efcient than most other systems of therapy hence, it is intrinsically a brief therapy. As apply to groups, REBT mainly employs interventions that teach group members how to tackle practical problems of living in a brief and efcient way (Ellis, 2001b). From the origin of the approach, REBT has utilized a wide range of cognitive, emotive, and behavioral methods with most clients. Like other cognitive behavioral therapies, REBT blends techniques to change clients patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.Itis an integrative therapy, selectively adapting various methods that are also used in existential, humanistic, phenomenologically orient therapeutic approaches, but the emphasis is on the cognitive and behavioral dimensions (Ellis, 2001b). REBT focuses on speci c techniques for changing a clients self-defeating thoughts in concrete situation s. In addition to modifying beliefs, this approach helps group members see how their beliefs inuence what they feel and what they do thus, there is also a concern for changing feelings and behaviors that ow from rigid and extreme beliefs. This model aims to minimize symptoms by bringing about a profound change in philosophy. REBT practitioners are exible and creative in their use of methods and tailor their techniques to the unique needs of group members (Dryden, 2007)ReferencesA. Internet-Basedhttp//www.allaboutcounseling.com/counseling_approaches.htmhttp//www.ehow.com/list_7162754_psychological-counseling-techniques.htmlixzz2cmnFA0bd http//www.ukessays.com/essays/psychology/psychoanalytic-theory-theories-of-counseling-and psychotherapy-psychology-essay.phpixzz2cmqlANAb http//www.minddisorders.com/Ob-Ps/Person-centered-therapy.htmlbixzz2dzABrENSB. BooksCorey, G. (2012). Counseling and Psychotherapy Theory and Practice Second Edition. Cengage Learning, Philippines.