Borobudur Temple Java, Indonesia

Today, the Borobudur Temple floats above the landscape of Central Java like a lotus bud on a pond, serenely impervious to the throng of tourists and trinket salesmen all around it. It’s hard to imagine that for centuries, this exquisite and imposing Buddhist monument lay buried beneath layers and layers of volcanic ash. Origins of Borobudur We have no written record of when Borobudur was built, but based on the carving style, it most likely dates to between 750 and 850 CE. That makes it approximately 300 years older than the similarly beautiful Angkor Wat temple complex in Cambodia. The name â€Å"Borobudur† probably comes from the Sanskrit words Vihara Buddha Urh, meaning â€Å"Buddhist Monastery on the Hill.† At that time, central Java was home to both Hindus and Buddhists, who seem to have peacefully coexisted for some years, and who built lovely temples to each faith on the island. Borobudur itself seems to have been the work of the predominantly-Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty, which was a tributary power to the Srivijayan Empire. Temple Construction The temple itself is made of some 60,000 square meters of stone, all of which had to be quarried elsewhere, shaped, and carved under the scorching tropical sun. A huge number of laborers must have worked on the colossal building, which consists of six square platform layers topped by three circular platform layers. Borobudur is decorated with 504 Buddha statues and 2,670 beautifully-carved relief panels, with 72 stupas on top. The bas-relief panels depict everyday life in 9th century Java, courtiers and soldiers, local plants and animals, and the activities of common people. Other panels feature Buddhist myths and stories  and show such spiritual beings as gods,   and show such spiritual beings as gods, bodhisattvas, kinnaras, asuras, and apsaras. The carvings confirm Gupta India’s strong influence on Java at the time; the higher beings are depicted mostly in the tribhanga pose typical of contemporary Indian statuary, in which the figure stands on one bent leg with the ot her foot propped in front, and gracefully bends its neck and waist so that the body forms a gentle ‘S’ shape. Abandonment At some point, the people of central Java abandoned Borobudur Temple and other nearby religious sites. Most experts believe that this was due to volcanic eruptions in the area during the 10th and 11th centuries CE – a plausible theory, given that when the temple was â€Å"rediscovered,† it was covered with meters of ash. Some sources state that the temple was not fully abandoned until the 15th century CE, when the majority of the people of Java converted from Buddhism and Hinduism to Islam, under the influence of Muslim traders on the Indian Ocean trade routes. Naturally, local people did not forget that Borobudur existed, but as time went on, the buried temple became a place of superstitious dread that was best avoided. Legend tells of the crown prince of the Yogyakarta Sultanate, Prince Monconagoro, for example, who stole one of the Buddha images housed within the small cut-stone stupas that stand on top of the temple. The prince became ill from the taboo  and died the very next day. Rediscovery When the British seized Java from the Dutch East India Company in 1811, the British governor, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, heard rumors of a huge buried monument hidden in the jungle. Raffles sent a Dutch engineer named H.C. Cornelius to find the temple. Cornelius and his team cut away the jungle trees and dug out tons of volcanic ash to reveal the ruins of Borobudur. When the Dutch retook control of Java in 1816, the local Dutch administrator ordered work to continue the excavations. By 1873, the site had been studied thoroughly enough that the colonial government was able to publish a scientific monograph describing it. Unfortunately, as its fame grew, souvenir collectors and scavengers descended on the temple, carrying away some of the artwork. The most famous souvenir collector was King Chulalongkorn of Siam, who took 30 panels, five Buddha sculptures, and several other pieces during an 1896 visit; some of these stolen pieces are in the Thai National Museum in Bangkok today. Restoration of Borobudur Between 1907 and 1911, the Dutch East Indies government carried out the first major restoration of Borobudur. This first attempt cleaned the statues and replaced damaged stones, but did not address the problem of water draining through the base of the temple and undermining it. By the late 1960s, Borobudur was in urgent need of another renovation, so the newly independent Indonesian government under Sukarno appealed to the international community for help. Together with UNESCO, Indonesia launched a second major restoration project from 1975 to 1982, which stabilized the foundation, installed drains to solve the water problem, and cleaned all of the bas-relief panels once more. UNESCO listed Borobudur as a World Heritage Site in 1991, and it became Indonesia’s largest tourist attraction among both local and international travelers.

The Effects Of Overpopulation On The Human Population

With rapid population growth and urbanization escalating, overcrowding has concerned many scientists, researchers, and the human populace as a whole. Overpopulation, the condition where an area holds more people than in which the area can properly function, is a serious issue which has many adverse effects on the well-being of a healthy human population. A growing seven billion people live on Earth and factors such as pollution, and human well being may all be affected by overpopulation, and continued growth in population will cause an even greater impact on society, individuals, and the environment. The effects of overpopulation is a multi-layered combination of different factors, all of them affecting each other in a variety of ways, yet they all work together to lead to the collapse of society. The continuation of these trends due to rising overpopulation will lead to the ultimate collapse of society attributed to the degradation of social structure, environmental structure, and h uman behavioral alterations and the culmination of the resulting effects. Continued population growth needs to be ended in the near future as it will affect every human being on the surface of the planet to a massive scale that can not be reversed. We chose to explore this topic because it truly is a pressing issue in our world. This has never been a problem faced by humans until now which causes many of its victims to ignore its existence and underestimate its potency. Every day the worldShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Overpopulation On Human Population1073 Words   |  5 PagesPlanet We need a major reduction in human population, stat! 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Without a solution to the rise in human population, by the year 2020, 8 billion people will liveRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Overpopulation1073 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are the effects of overpopulation? Overpopulation is an undesirable condition where the number of existing people on earth exceeds the carrying capacity of the earth. However, overpopulation has not always been a problem. At the dawn of agriculture, 8000 B.C., the population was approximately 5 million. 8000 years later, 1 A.D., the number of people existing on earth was between 200-300 million. That’s a growth rate under 0,05% per year. A tremendous change occurred with the industrial revolutionRead MoreThe Effects Of Human Overpopulation On The Environment1242 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Human Overpopulation on the Environment â€Å"Can one apple slice feed the world?† If the world were an apple, farmland would only be one very thin slice. The growing population on this Earth has some serious questions that it needs to consider as a whole. How are we all going to eat with eight billion mouths to eat? Farmers have an interesting proposition, they need to feed a growing population with very little land. Overpopulation also has negative effects on the earth through pollutionRead MoreOverpopulation Is More Than Just A Crowded Planet1343 Words   |  6 PagesIn the year 1 A.D., the Earth’s population was 300 million. In 1850, after many decades of consistent population growth, it eventually surpassed one billion. From that point on in history, the world population began to climb rapidly (Haub). Each year, the world population surpasses what any scientist has ever thought possible. Some would consider this expansion as a sign of success considering the causes of a rapidly growing population inclu de improved health care, new technology, progressive erasRead MoreOverpopulation : We Must Figure It Out For Save The World Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pages Overpopulation: We Must Figure It Out to Save the World It may not be something you think about often, but human population growth is a big issue in our world today and this problem needs to be solved in the future to save our planet. Overpopulation is a condition that will be in effect if the population exceeds the carrying capacity on Earth. The carrying capacity is the peak population that can sustain human life on Earth. It is uncertain what Earth’s carrying capacity is for the human raceRead MoreHuman Overpopulation1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of overpopulation has different perspectives regarding whether or not it is happening as well as its apparent effects of both the environment and its inhabitants. The idea of human overpopulation being a problem most clearly begins around the time of Thomas Robert Malthus’ publishing of An Essay on the Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers. In his writing, Ma lthus describesRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Serious Problem1442 Words   |  6 Pagesbe the greatest threat to the entire world is overpopulation. Overpopulation is a serious problem that is having an extreme effect on the health of every citizen of every country. The problems caused by overpopulation could even prove to be a fatal epidemic to the human population. Oftentimes overpopulation is overlooked due to a lack of knowledge or simply because many government officials have dismissed overpopulation and call it a myth. Overpopulation is an enormous and serious global problem thatRead MoreThe Problem Of Overpopulation And Overpopulation872 Words   |  4 PagesHuman overpopulation. Human population can be defined as the condition whereby, the total count of the human inhabiting a certain area exceeds the carrying capacity of the area Bongaarts, (2011). This brings out an issue of the carrying capacity of the region which alludes to the number of individuals who can inhabit a certain area for a given period. It may also be looked at as the situation whereby the available renewable resources in a certain area can satisfactorily support the current populationRead MoreOverpopulation Is Not An Issue1357 Words   |  6 PagesOverpopulation is not an issue many people in developing countries face at this point in time. Put simply, overpopulation is â€Å"the condition of having a population so dense that it causes environmental deterioration, an impaired quality of life, or a population crash† (Merriam-Webster). It should not be taken lightly because it cannot be reversed in a short time period. Changes must be made gradually so that future generations do n ot suffer consequences that current generations have place upon

Management Antifraud Programs and Controls

Question: Describe about the Management Antifraud Programs and Controls. Answer: a) S.No Basis Audit Planning Issues 1 Circle Rate While performing the audit of City Ltd. (Property developers) identification of circle rates and calculating the same is the major area of concern, since the company is facing downturn in the commercial property sector it was difficult to obtain accurate circle rate of the area. Also it is to be reported if the land and building is sold higher than the circle rate which will be difficult to obtain in this case. 2 Market Scenario Since there are few buyers of this project, creating a suitable market strategy to attract the buyers for this project is essential. Auditor needs to address the issue of appropriate and suitable audit strategy of the company that will benefit the company in the future projects also. 3 Customer's Identity Perspective Downturn of the commercial property sector is a major issue as the sales of the company reduces to a significant level and it makes it difficult for the auditors to obtain the data about the customers identity, proper verification of the allotment letters should be done and the personal data of the buyers such as Id which is in companys records to ensure that the sale has actually taken place and there are no bogus customers. 4 Going Concern Auditor should after obtaining the data of the companys performance make judgments about the going concern of the company, if the going concern of the company is questionable the financial statements should disclose such facts and auditor should mention the same in the audit report b) S.No. Basis Audit Planning Issues 1 Report Extraction Web Ltd. In this case has purchased a new software, thus the report generated from the new software is to be verified by the auditor to ensure that the report is complete and accurate and is free from any errors. 2 Software Knowledge The auditor should be aware about the working of the new software purchased and the areas which requires attention. Auditee should also have the complete working knowledge of the software and management should ensure that the software purchased meets their requirement needs. 3 Testing the Software Testing the software is an important part of the audit, dummy entries should be entered in the software to ensure that the correct and effective results are generated. These tests are done to ensure that the software can be applied in the company effectively or not. 4 Flexibility Auditor is concerned whether the new software can adapt the changing information needs of the company and can accurately meet the same. Whether the software meets the changing external and internal environment needs. c) S.No. Basis Audit Planning Issues 1 Storage costs While planning the audit, auditor should focus on the storage costs incurred by the Beauty Pty Ltd, as the lead time is reduced by transferring the goods from Australia to overseas branch the storage costs to the company will increase. 2 Overall Costs Since the Beauty Pty Ltd established an overseas operating branch the overall cost of the company will increase due to increase in the labour cost, employee costs, raw material costs, office space etc. The auditor should ensure that the costs are as per the requirements and within the budget. 3 Market share The auditor should calculate the increase in the market share of the company, whether establishing new branch has positively affected the company and has increased its market share and the company has earned more revenue which exceeds the cost of establishment of new branch overseas or not. 4 Prospective Customer Base The auditor should compare the sale of the current year after the establishment of branch with the previous year to find out the percentage increase in sales and the increased customer base of the company. Whether the branch established overseas will be able to generate more customers in the future for the company, and will ultimately increase the companys profit or not. Solution No. 2 a) Various issues should be considered to decide which approach should be followed (substantive approach or test of control approach). Identify different type of risk whether it is inherent risk, control risk or detection risk. Level of risk should be considered to decide which approach (substantive approach or test of control approach) should be followed to mitigate the risk. Preliminary assessment should be performed to know which compliance procedure should be followed. If inherent risk is high then substantive procedure should be conducted but if inherent risk is low then test of control should be followed. To know which approach should be followed one should know about the existence of various types of risk and their level. Inherent risk arises at a level of management. Control risk also arises at a level of management whereas detection arises at auditor's level. Level of risk should be considered before applying compliance procedure. Factors affecting risk at the level of financia l statement are integrity of management, management experience and knowledge, unusual pressure on management, factors affecting industry. Factors affecting at the level of account balance and transaction are quality of accounting system, accounts prone to misstatement, asset which are prone to misappropriation, occurrence of unusual transaction at or near end period. Cost effectiveness, potential of human error, manipulation by management should also be considered to decide which approach should be followed. b) There is an inverse relationship between inherent risk plus control risk and detection risk. IR+ CR = 1/DR If detection risk is low then substantive procedures will be high, if detection is high then substantive procedures will be low. And as we know there is inverse relationship between detection risk and inherent risk+ control risk. So, if detection risk is low then inherent risk will be high and control risk will also be high. We will apply substantive procedure in this case. In the above case study inherent risk, control risk and detection risk is medium for disclosure and existence of financial leased asset. Hence in this case we will apply both the control substantive as well as test of control because all risk exists at medium level. For measurement completeness of depreciation expense inherent and control risk is low and detection risk is high. Hence in this case test of control will be applied significantly because we know that if inherent risk and control risk is low , we have to apply test of control in this case( inverse relationship). Similarly for right obligations for vehicles detection risk is high and other two are low in this case we will apply test of control (same as previous case). For valuation of vehicles detection risk is low so substantive procedure should be performed and there is inverse relation between IR+ CR DR. c) To check the accuracy completeness of depreciation expense, test of control approach should be followed. Auditor should check the authorization of purchase for minutes of board. Auditor should verify who is authorized for disposal of important assets. Auditor should check whether the non current asset register exist or not and he should ensures that all the assets are identified and appropriate comment is provided about the condition of asset. Auditor should verify the depreciation chart rate and change in rates of depreciation and who is authorized for the same. Auditor should check all the relevant calculations regarding depreciation of the asset. Auditor should conduct physical verification to know whether asset exists or not which are shown in books of accounts. Auditor will evaluate which method is followed by Vroom ltd. Straight line method or written down value. He assures that method to recognize the depreciation remain same throughout the period. Accounting policy follow ed by vroom limited should be same throughout the period. If vroom limited shift from straight line method to written down value and vice versa then appropriate disclosure should be made by Vroom limited. To ensure the effectiveness and completeness of depreciation expense above audit procedures should be followed by Vroom limited. Solution No. 3 Accounting information should be communicated in such a way which contributes to the objective of the organization. Auditor plays a very vital role in communicating accounting information. Auditor provides assurance to the users of the financial information that accounting information provides true and fair view and it is free from any biasness. Both the term auditing and communication of accounting system are interrelated. Audit is a systematic and independent examination of books, records, documents and vouchers of the organization to ascertain whether the financial statements are free from material misstatements and provide true and fair view of the financial information. Preparation of financial statements is the primary responsibility of the management of the company. Companies take important steps to ensure that the records are accurate and are free from any material misstatement. Important measures includes to maintain controls over both the records and assets of the company, hiring outside auditors which independently verifies the fairness of the financial statements, formation of committee of board of directors to oversee the integrity of other safeguards. Audit is an examination of financial reports which management prepares; to ensure that they are prepared as per the generally accepted accounting principles and they clearly represents what they claim. Auditing the accounting information which is to be communicated to the users of financial statements such as investors, stakeholders, lenders (banks, financial institutions, and creditors), management, government etc is necessary to ensure that the data presented is accurate and complete and is free from material misstatements. If the accounting information is audited then the users of accounting information can place more reliance on the information provided. Opinion of the independent auditors on the accounting information communicated through Balance sheet, income statement, Cash flow statement etc. helps the investors to evaluate whether it is profitable for them to be associated with the company and whether the company is carrying on its operations in an efficient and effective manner as per the prevalent laws and regulations. Only a licensed CPA can issue an audit report as they have responsibilities towards general public as well as of the specific business that take up his se rvices. While performing an audit the independent CPA examines the transactions of the company and the accounting methods which are used to account for these transactions. There are two tools of financial communication which are accounting information and financial information. For determining what financial information should be provided and what values it must contain we should consider the types of users to whom the financial information is addressed as well as the purpose for which they are using the information communicated to them. For the investors audited financial statement is important to ensure that the company in which there funds are invested operates in an efficient and effective manner and complies with all the generally accepted accounting principles, also to obtain the information about the profit earned by the company, value of their shares and dividend income earned. Government uses the audited financial information to ensure that the company complies with the appropriate laws and tax requirements, company is regular in depositing amounts in the appropriate statutory funds established and whether there are any defaults made by the company. Lenders use the audited financial information to evaluate the credit worthiness of the company, they obtain data about the other lenders of the company, mortgages of the company, banks also relies on the opinions of the auditors on the financial statements of the company and prospective financial information which is provided by the auditors to provide loans to t he company, banks and financial institutions requires the clients to submit the audited information before providing them with loans and grants. Thus as per the above information, there is a close relationship between auditing and accounting information, before communicating the accounting information the same should be audited to secure the faith of the users of financial information and to provide them the assurance that the affairs of the company are conducted in the appropriate manner. References: T, Joseph Management Antifraud Programs and Controls. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. New York. B, Norris (2005).Management override of internal controls". American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. New York. Mark S. Beasley. Joseph V. Carcello (2006).GAAS Guide 2007. United States: CCH. Don M. Pallai Mary Lou Wurdack (2006). PPC's Guide to GAAS 2007. London: Practitioners Publishing Company. Michael J. Ramos (2006).Wiley Practitioner's Guide to GAAS 2007. United Kingdom: Wiley Publishing. Arter, Dennis R. (2003).Quality Audits for Improved Performance.3rd ed.Milwaukee. Australia: ASQ Quality Press. Gryna, Frank M. (2007). Quality Planning and Analysis for Enterprise Quality. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Godfrey Blanton (2013).Auditing Practice. West Indies: ASQ Quality Press. Russell. J.P (2013).The ASQ Auditing Handbook.4th ed. WI: ASQ Quality Press. Terry Regel (2000).After the Quality Audit: Closing the Loop on the Audit Process. WI: ASQ Quality Press. Allan J (1997).Management Audits. New York: HRD hall. Donald L (2004). The Quality Improvement Glossary. Milwaukee. WI: ASQ Quality Press. Tague, R. (2004). The Quality Toolbox. Milwaukee, WI: Wiley publishing. Commission. Australian Government Australian Securities and Investments."Audit quality - The role of directors and audit committees".asic.gov.au [Retrieved2016-12-4]. WilseY."National Audit Office (NAO)".www.nao.org.uk. [Retrieved2016-12-4]. Robbins. Australian National Audit ."Auditor-General and the Office".www.anao.gov.au. [Retrieved2016-12-4].

The Caged Bird Controversy Essays - I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings

The Caged Bird Controversy The Caged Bird Controversy The novel I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is the life story of Maya Angelou as she struggles through life in the South. Published in 1969, the novel has received critical acclaim since 1970 and spent three years as a number one best seller on the New York Times Best Seller List. (Caged Bird Essay) Although this book has a best seller, it was the ninth most frequently challenged book in American high schools (Caged Bird Essay) and has been a censorship target for years. Many school libraries have banned I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, because numerous parents believe that the book is vulgar, poor literature and that it is inappropriate for use in public schools for young people of any age. Others believe that I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings might do what parents fear most ? raise important issues while leaving the young reader no avenue to discover his or her relationship to those ideas. What do people mean by ?vulgar The story consists of Angelou's experiences when she was growing up which includes graphic scenarios. For example, when she described her rape by her mothers boyfriend at the age of eight. In Southlake Texas high schools, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings was banned because of the ?pornographic description? of her rape. (Caged Bird Essay) Other schools have chosen not to ban the book by just deleting the rape chapters. The use of language in the scene of Angelou's rape is hardly explicit, yet it does deal with a sensitive issue and evoke a strong emotional response. Angelou's thoughts of homosexuality became another issue and in any case, a book that discusses homosexuality is presumed controversial. As she begins puberty, confusion sets in, and the possibility of homosexuality scares her. (Caged Bird Essay) Angelou was not exactly sure what a lesbian was, but she felt that her low voice, masculine gait convinced her that she was one and later on in life she dealt with this ?confusion.? To figure out if she was a lesbian or not, she asked a fellow classmate if he wanted to have ?sexual intercourse? with her to ensure herself that she was heterosexual. This action of hers resulted in her pregnancy, which brings up another issue: Premarital sex. As a pregnant sixteen-year-old, Angelou saw nothing very wrong with her actions. I Why the Caged Bird Sings also encourages social problems that our society fights. In the following quotation, Angelou talks about joy derived from a pregnancy as an unwed sixteen year old. ?For the next two weeks, I whirled around the city, taking vitamin shots and pills, buying clothes for the baby, and except for the rare moments alone, enjoying the imminent blessed event.' The last message we want to put across to sexually curious teenagers is that a teenage pregnancy can bring happiness! ?Author Unknown The pornographic content and premarital sex do not compare to the racism which is the number one issue of the book and is the main reason why this book has been so controversial. There is no reason to believe that the novel is in its poignant portrayal of race relations. (Learning to Live) This explains why the story has been most controversial in the South, where racial tension was historically the worst and where the novel is particularity set. The obvious and subtle effects of racism on a young Angelou help explain the controversial factor of the book. In the book described her mixture feelings towards oppression as a child. She felt horrible when she hear the whites saying derogatory comments towards blacks, like when a doctor said, ?My policy is that I'd rather stick my hand down a dog's mouth than a niggers.?(I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings) Comments like these made her feel anger towards her community, and often Angelou often wondered about how it would have been like if she woke up in the white world, with blond hair and blues eyes and shudder the nightmare of being black: Angelou paints a picture of some of the negative choice's: white America choosing to oppress groups of people; choosing lynch law over justice; choosing intimidation over honor. She

Rock Star and Politician free essay sample

At first glance, Gigs Pops performances appear erratic by his impulsive movements and gesture. However, upon further investigation of Swigs performance there lies a much deeper meaning. In this paper, I will examine Swigs Search and Destroy and Greedy Awful People, which can represent his early and later career, to demonstrate that his highly-energize performance and lyrics depict his political views from his personal experience, including his dissatisfaction with capitalism, and his feelings toward war.Thus, he was able to influence a enervation of artists, such as Henry Rollins in Black Flag, to state their political views. Gigs Pops anti-war view came from his personal experience with the Detroit Riot (1967). According to Pops biography on Oxford Music, he was born in west of Detroit to an English father (Waller). The stubborn old generation, who supported the total separation between the races, was the dominant group over the minority who supported the integration before 1 967 in Detroit. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock Star and Politician or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The inequity between races created potential uneasy atmosphere in the city where both races were dissatisfied with each other. Benjamin D. Singer claims that the origins of urban unrest in Detroit were rooted in a multitude of political, economic, and social unequal factors between black and white people. The riot began on July 23, 1 967 and in these 5 days of rioting 43 people died, 1189 people were injured and over 7000 people had been arrested (Singers). People poured into any business section, looted the stores and burned them.While on Henry Rollins show in 2007, Pop recalled that in 1 967 he formed the Stooges with other band members and held successful concerts with other bands, such as the MAC. However, while holding these concerts there was always a chance of getting shot at any second during the performance. The rioters in the city put every citizen into potential danger. Pop recalled that he could still remember the scenes vividly that many Of the buildings were on fire when he walked on the street, the sky were illuminated by the fire, rioters ran on streets and rolled cars and buildings were ruthlessly destroyed.He even joked on the show that the hole created by shell on the ground was so big that he tried to dig out the dust and build a studio for free. Gigs Pop and the Stooges were in Detroit in hat heavy time and the riot inspired pop deeply that he even wrote the song Panic in Detroit in memory of this tragedy. Panic in Detroit attests that the Detroit Riot is where Gigs pops anti-war view comes from. Pop was born in the new generation, which were open to make some changes about the racial issues and wars, and that was why he formed the Stooges to convey their pol itical views. After the World War II, the government strengthened the education about anti-war and wars catastrophic consequences, but nothing would had been a better lesson than the Detroit Riot to teach Gigs Pop the pain of riot and war cause he witnessed the city burning down. David Bowie wrote the song Panic in Detroit, released in 1 973, and it was based on friend Gigs Pops description of the revolutionaries he had known as a youth (Waller). The lyrics of the song were written in a third persons view, who went crazy during the riot and created chaos in the city.The lines of Panic in Detroit are evidence Of how pop memorized Detroit Riot as a chaotic and disaster that the person in the song screamed and ran to smash his favorite slot machine, and jumped the silent cars that slept at traffic jam. As the person ho witnessed this catastrophe, Gigs Pop did not want similar events, such as wars and riots, to happen again. As discussed previously, the earlier generation was stubborn about the racial issues that most white people preferred total separation. However, the percentage of people, who supported the integration, rose to 55% from 24% three years after the riot (Singers). Pop was in a new generation, which could make some changes by adapting new philosophy, and he had seen the progress. Gigs Pop believed that he could also use his music to influence the generation by telling them his opinions. As a result, the performances of Pop and the Stooges and lines of their song were composed of political views. Gigs Pops song Search and Destroy can exemplify one of his political views, anti-war. The Vietnam War started on November 1, 1955 and ended on April 30, 1975. In 1973, the war gradually came to an end, indicated by President Onions announcement of a halt to all U.S. Offensive action against the North on 15 January (Vietnamese). In the same year, the Stooges released their third album Raw Power, which included the song Search and Destroy. David Sesames The Vietnam War and American Music corded Gigs Pops conversation with a media that he pulled the title from a column heading in a Time article about the Vietnam War (124). The lines of this song demonstrated Gigs Pops desiring of ending the Vietnam War. The person in the song claims that, Im a street walking cheetah who searches and destroys.From the first glance, people might consider the person a proud solider who enjoyed killing. However, he also confesses that he is a worlds forgotten boy, and he needs somebody goat save his soul. These two lines indicate the persons helplessness during the war and he wants the AR end so that he can go home. Lyrics of the song also imply that soldiers unwillingness to fight against others and killed their enemies. Although on the opposite sides of the war, the person in the song as an American soldier calls his enemy baby/ and honey, and even gives them warning to look out, cause Im using technology.Even though soldiers do not want to fight, the war is cruel and will not give them sympathy: when the solider is warming his enemies about the high-tech weapons, the enemies will still strike me blind and penetrate my mind. The song reveals the cruelness of wars and oldies dilemma that do not want to fight and being killed. Pops anti-war theme did not change throughout his career. On 6 March, 2007, the Stooges had a reunion after 33 years and released their fourth album The Weirdness (Waller). Though the band broke up for decades, the theme of their songs and their rage about political issues did not change, but this time their dissatisfaction was towards the new President George W. Bush. During president Bush eight years term of service, he announced the War On Terror, including the war in Afghanistan launched in 2001 and the war in Iraq that launched on 2003. As a result, Pop firmly opposed the Bush administration, and his political views were revealed by an interview with Henry Rollins in 2007 after the reunion of the Stooges.Rollins claimed Gigs Pop as his personal hero in the public, and thus made an animation to illustrate his idols political view. Henry Rollins played the animation during the second half of the show, and in the animation Wall-Mart was the symbol of Bushs government, where people received food, cultures, and entertainment. Rollins could not buy the New Yorker, the Times magazine, or the Washington Post from the seller, but instead he could only arche s violence related commodities, such as Guns and Ammo that came with a free gun with purchase of the magazine. Also, shirts motifs were violent things, such as a burning cross and a military one with tank, a helicopter and a young soldier (Henry Rollins Show). Gigs Pops successfully conveyed his political views to fans, such as Henry Rollins. Another part of the political issues that Pop focused on was capitalism, and this part also came from his personal experience. Pop came from a normal Michigan family that his father was a former high school English teacher and baseball coach (Waller). His family did not really enjoy the welfare and advantages of capitalism.Rich people were getting richer by taking advantages of the lower and the middle class, and that was another idea that Henry Rollins animation tried to illustrate: a employer of Wall-Mart fainted during the work, but the manager did not care at all and kept shouting at another employee with angry facial expression (Henry Rollins Show). From a macroscopic perspective, punk rock was raised by the failure Of capitalism. Kenneth J. Binds states punk arose in England during 1976 in the midst of a rebel recession that appeared to many English youth as the failure of the British socio-economic system. (2) The depression of economics and fail ere of capitalism were the breeding ground of punk rock that there were many new born bands who called themselves punk pessimistically viewed the future. For instance, theres no future, the Sex Pistols Johnny Rotten sang in early 1976 (3). Pop held negative views about capitalism as well, writing multiple songs that criticize it, especially his later career in the album The Weirdness, including AT M, Greedy Awful People, and She Took My Money. Greedy Awful People is one of Pops typical anti- capitalism songs.In the song, Pop viciously curses the rich and expresses that he hates the upper class. The person in the song first confesses that he used to like my neighborhood and it really made me feel good. These two lines of the song imply that the person in the song does not start to hate his neighbors until he knows that they are rich people and can brought a church and steeple. From that he knows that they are rich, and he starts to call his neighbors greedy awful people. He hates the awful cars that his neighbors re driving, rich and Shiite bars that they go to, and channels they bought on TV.Also, he considers his rich neighbors stupid that they always clap on the wrong beat and theyre wearing loafers on their feet. Also, after cursing the rich, the person in the song cannot hide his sadness that Im sad and lonely baby because l cant live among my class. His feeling of hate is raised in inequity and he does not want to bow to the rich because of his proud that he still emphasizes that Im the upper class. The person who is telling the story in Greedy Awful People is a metaphor of Gigs Pop himself that he is to supportive of capitalism because of the inequity coming from it.On the other hand, some people would argue that if Gigs Pop wanted to convey his political views, why would he has chosen to perform in such a aberrant way, jumping around the stage, throwing up into the audiences? If the political aspect Of Pops music could easily get lost in translation, why he did not choose a more settle way to perform his music so that audiences could easier to perceive his messages? The answers to these questions were the development of television as the embodiment of mainstream show business and the rising of MAT. K. J.Donnelly, in Tracking British television: pop music as stock soundtrack to the small screen, points out that popular music always has been important for television, and since the sass, pop and rock music have gradually asserted themselves on a medium that never fully embraced their possibilities. (3) As a newborn medium, television provided musicians a stage to demonstrate their talents. Whereas, this stage was different from previous stages, such as radio and tape, which focus more on the voice; audiences of television concentrated more on the visual impact. In Music video in its contexts: popular music and post-modernism in the sass, Will Straw concludes the characters Of music video that the music video had made image more important than the experience of music itself. (2) Also, Donnelly states something similar that television is dominated less by developmental drama, such as in films, but more by momentary dramatic The visual image that musicians showed in the music video tended to be more important than the lyrics itself, and singers or bands need to do something dramatic and special in order to impress their audiences.As a result, Gigs Pop chose to demonstrate his political opinions not only through his lyrics but also emphasizing them through his erratic and strange body languages. Pops rage during his performances were his expression of rage towards war and capitalism. His actions of never wearing any clothes when performing, shaking his head oddly, shouting out all the lyrics, and running into the crowds were dramatic enough to attract a large number of audiences. There is evidence that Gigs Pop is not intrinsically crazy, and he is only being expressive during performances to deliver his ideas. Ups interview on the Tom Snyder Show in 1980 testifies that he knew what he was doing, and he explained the reasoning behind his behavior. At the very beginning of the show, Gigs Pop came down the stage and sat down with Snyder, breathing quite heavily. He tried to calm down by drinking water, but audiences were used to his regular performance, and labeled his every movement crazy because of inertial thinking. They laughed at Pop for about two minutes. However, Pop did not act crazily as the audiences expected.Instead, he answered every question from Snyder logically and philosophically. The first time when Pop claimed that his performance appeared to be painful to some people, but in reality his performances were intrusive, audiences still laughed because they thought that this was simply a crazy person saying something without thinking. However, the second time when Pop said it he had calmed down from the performance and was breathing normally. He told the audience one more time that his music was about expressing himself, and expressing the truth.The audiences did not laugh at him this time because they knew that Gigs Pop was telling the truth as a normal person, as normal as everyone else. During the show, he explained that it was very understandable that people could not calm down immediately after dancing and singing like he did, and he told everybody that he could talk quietly and logically by his actions later. He even apologized for his early action of throwing up into the audiences in 1973: I had problems, and please forgive me for my problems previously, you know. Pop wished that people could forgive him for his previous problem. In the second half of the show, audiences started to give Pop cheering and clapping instead of laughing at him at the very beginning. Gigs Pop testified him as a normal arson and earned audiences respect. Even though the political aspect of Pops songs tend to get lost during translation, his ideas have been successfully displayed, as stated previously, to his fans, such as Henry Rollins, indicating that there were people who received Pops messages, and some of them tried to further propagate the political messages.There were astonishing similarities between Henry Rollins and his idol Gigs Pop: during Rollins performance when he was the lead vocalist in Black Flag, a hardcore punk rock band, he also frequently did not wear any clothes, shouted with rage, and had very strong visual impact awards audiences (Oxford Music). Rollins also had the same political views of anti-war and anti-capitalism as pop. In Henry Rollins 2012 Tour Capitalism, he criticized unregulated capitalism and claimed that in the capitalist world there are a few winners and a whole lots of losers (Henry Rollins Show).From Rolling As a result, Pops political views are not only limited to himself but have been spread by groups of punk musicians. Gigs Pop tries to demonstrate his political views of anti-war and anti-capitalism through his music, such as Search and Destroy and Greedy Awful People. Both parts of his political views are from his personal experiences, including his experience in Detroit Riot and being exploited by capitalism beneficiaries. As a result, he chose to form the Stooges and used his expressive music to tell the truth and convey his political views to his audiences.Some of the musicians, who received and agreed with Pops political views, created their own punk music and further spread the same political ideas. Although the political aspect gets lost in the translation, his music contains the truth and appears to be exaggerated and erratic because of the rising of television and MAT in the ass. Though most people cannot understand Pop and consider him crazy, he still occasionally roves that he is a normal human being and his music contains a deeper meaning. Work Cited Hebrides, Dick. The meaning of style.

Agency problems and its solutions Essays

Agency problems and its solutions Essays Agency problems and its solutions Paper Agency problems and its solutions Paper Agency problem and its solutions Introduction Principal-agent relationship occurs when a principal contracts an agent. The principal hires the agent to perform a service for him or to act on his behalf. For example, in a large corporation, shareholders would hire managers to help them to organize the company in dairy business. However, agency problems may arise because Of the conflict interest and asymmetry information between principals and agents, which lead to agency costs. In this essay, would like to use the agency theory introduced by Jensen and Neckline (1976) to analysis that to What extent that agency cost would damage shareholders wealth mastication and what actions shareholders could take to correct it. Agency problems and main causes of First of all, there might to conflicts of interest or different goals between principals and agents, the agent would act as their best self-interest but not principals. Secondly, there is asymmetry information been principals and agents, managers may have more information than principals or they could hide their actions. Thirdly, there is uncertainty in the outcome. The outcome may not just depend on managers effort but also other factors like good luck or high arrests expectation lead to increase in share price. Agency costs Agency cost incurred when the managers do not attempt to maximize fir-n5 value and the cost to monitor manager and constrain their behaviors. Agency cost is the sum of three types of costs, cost of designing the contract, cost of enforcing the contract (monitoring and bonding) and residual loss if contract is not optimal. Solutions of agency problems Monitoring Management compensation Incentive compensation There are two major principal agent model, adverse selection and moral hazard. Adverse selection occurs when one of the parties, usually the agent, has better relevant information prior to the contract. This hidden information will be used opportunistically to optimize the utility gained from entering the contract. In moral hazard the principal is unable to observe the agents actions after signing the contract. This causes the agent not to take the full consequences of his actions and thus he can use this hidden information to act opportunistically and maximize his own profit. In most cases the principal will have to carry the costs of this behavior.

OPPORTUNITY COSTS Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

OPPORTUNITY COSTS - Coursework Example EXPLAIN THE CONCEPTS OF COMPARATIVE AND ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE The concept of ‘Comparative and Absolute Advantage’ holds primary importance being closely related to profit maximization and increased productivity. It principally indicates the capability of a producer to manufacture products and/or services at a lesser opportunity cost than other producers operating in almost identical conditions. A comparative advantage provides a company the capacity to trade goods, products and services at a lower fee than other players in the market for the purpose of attaining higher sales margins and revenues. In the similar context, the concept of obsolete advantage can be identified when a company produces larger volume of goods than that of its competitors with a given amount of resources. In both these situations, companies are affirmed to obtain advantages over its competitors in terms of cost of production and profit margin (Horsley 1-99). For example, in case the USA and Canada ha ve been producing differing quantities of potatoes and rice in a year [as illustrated in the below table], both the producers will have to incur differing opportunity cost. ... Assessing both these situations, it can be observed that Canada will have a comparative advantage in producing larger volume of potatoes, with the given amount of resources and also by incurring lesser opportunity cost. Thus, Canada should produce potatoes. HOW DOES TRADE AFFECT THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES FRONTIER? EXPLAIN Production possibilities frontier, in simple terms, can be referred to as a frontier or a graph indicating the maximum output producing possibilities for a particular producer to manufacture two products at a given point of time. Indicating all possible combinations of the given two products, the production possibilities frontier tends to conclude the possible points at which the producer can manufacture at a greater production level in comparison to the other commodity’s normal production level with the fixed amount of resources (Horsley 1-99). Trade can affect the production possibilities frontier in a positive as well as in a negative manner. For instan ce, if the activities related to trade and commerce increases in a country, the requirement of the resources and production capacity with respect to two given commodities is also quite likely to increase (Horsley 1-99). Precisely, the concept of production possibilities frontier indicates the points at which a producer can make the maximum use of the resources allocated to produce one or more commodities. Notably, the points on the curved line of production possibilities frontier [refer to the diagram below] depicts efficiency of the producer to use the given amount of resources to produce maximum amount of product A and product B. On the contrary, the points below the curved line depict the inefficiency of the producer to make effective use of the resources allocated.